Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market Synopsis

The Global Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market size is expected to grow from USD 12.71 billion in 2023 to USD 29.07 billion by 2032, at a CAGR of 9.63% during the forecast period (2024-2032).

The Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) is a software application designed to actively diagnose and assess the performance of computer networks. It operates by analyzing various network parameters such as bandwidth, latency, and packet loss, providing users with detailed insights into network health and identifying potential issues or bottlenecks affecting connectivity and performance.

• The Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) serves as a versatile application utilized for troubleshooting and analyzing network performance issues. Its primary function involves the identification and resolution of connectivity issues, bandwidth constraints, and latency problems within computer networks. Through active monitoring of network traffic and data collection on various parameters, NDT assists administrators in swiftly and accurately pinpointing the root cause of network disruptions.
• NDT offers numerous benefits. Firstly, it facilitates proactive network management by providing real-time insights into network health and performance metrics, enabling organizations to optimize their network infrastructure, enhance user experience, and minimize downtime. Secondly, NDT aids in efficient resource allocation by identifying bottlenecks and optimizing bandwidth usage. Additionally, its intuitive interface and comprehensive reporting capabilities make it invaluable for network administrators seeking to streamline troubleshooting processes and maintain high network reliability.
• Given the escalatin for on digital connectivity and the proliferation of networked devices, the demand for Network Diagnostic Tools like NDT is expected to surge. As businesses expand their digital presence and adopt technologies such as cloud computing and IoT, the necessity for robust network management solutions will only grow. Consequently, NDT is poised to play a crucial role in ensuring seamless connectivity and optimal performance across diverse network environments.

Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market Trend Analysis

Increasing Complexity of Network Infrastructure

• The expansion of network infrastructure complexity serves as a significant catalyst for the growth of the Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market. As network architectures evolve to accommodate the growing digital landscape, there is a heightened demand for advanced diagnostic tools. These tools are instrumental in assisting organizations in efficiently managing and optimizing their networks by offering insights into performance, security vulnerabilities, and potential bottlenecks. With the widespread adoption of cloud computing, IoT devices, and remote work setups, the necessity for comprehensive network diagnostic tools becomes increasingly vital to ensure smooth connectivity and effective operations.
• Furthermore, the rise in cybersecurity threats underscores the importance of network diagnostic tools in protecting digital assets and sensitive data. With cyberattacks becoming more sophisticated and frequent, organizations require robust diagnostic solutions to detect, analyze, and mitigate potential security breaches. NDTs provide real-time monitoring capabilities and threat detection functionalities, empowering businesses to proactively identify and address vulnerabilities within their network infrastructure.
• Moreover, the emergence of cutting-edge technologies such as 5G, edge computing, and software-defined networking (SDN) adds another layer of complexity to network management and performance optimization. In this ever-evolving landscape, NDTs offer crucial visibility and control, enabling organizations to adapt to changing network requirements and ensure reliable connectivity.

Integration with Other Network Management Tools

• The integration of Network Diagnostic Tools (NDTs) with other network management solutions presents a substantial opportunity for market growth. Seamless integration with existing network management systems allows NDTs to augment their capabilities and offer more comprehensive solutions to users. This integration streamlines diagnostic and troubleshooting processes for network administrators by consolidating data from various sources into a centralized platform, leading to enhanced efficiency, reduced downtime, and improved network performance.
• Moreover, integrating with other network management tools enables NDT vendors to broaden their market reach and serve a wider range of customers. By ensuring interoperability with popular network management systems and protocols, NDTs can attract new users seeking comprehensive solutions that complement their current infrastructure. This creates avenues for vendors to enter new market segments and establish themselves as significant players in the network diagnostics sector.
• Furthermore, integration drives innovation and fosters the development of advanced features within NDTs. Collaborating with other network management tool providers allows NDT vendors to leverage complementary technologies and expertise, resulting in cutting-edge solutions that address evolving network challenges. This ongoing innovation not only enhances the competitiveness of NDT products but also fuels market growth by meeting the changing needs of organizations in a complex networking landscape.

Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market Segment Analysis:

Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market Segmented on the basis of Type, Deployment Model, and End-User

By Type, Network Speed Diagnosis segment is expected to dominate the market during the forecast period

• The Network Speed Diagnosis segment is positioned to lead the Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market due to several pivotal factors. given the rise of bandwidth-heavy applications and the escalating need for high-speed internet connectivity, organizations emphasize evaluating and enhancing network speed. NDTs specialized in network speed diagnosis offer valuable insights into network performance metrics like throughput, latency, and packet loss, enabling businesses to efficiently pinpoint and tackle speed-related issues.
• In the digital realm where uninterrupted connectivity is indispensable for business operations and user satisfaction, swiftly diagnosing and resolving network speed issues becomes imperative. NDTs concentrating on network speed diagnosis empower organizations to actively monitor and troubleshoot speed-related challenges, thus minimizing downtime and ensuring optimal network performance. As businesses consistently prioritize speed and reliability in their networks, the Network Speed Diagnosis segment is anticipated to sustain its dominance in the NDT market, propelling innovation and expansion within the sector.

By Application, Cloud-based segment held the largest share of 66.12% in 2022

• The dominance of the Cloud-based segment in the Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market can be attributed to its manifold advantages and widespread acceptance. Cloud-based NDT solutions offer unmatched flexibility, scalability, and accessibility, making them highly appealing to organizations across diverse sectors and sizes. Users can conveniently access diagnostic tools and analytics from any location with internet connectivity, enabling remote monitoring and troubleshooting capabilities.
• Cloud-based NDTs alleviate the need for expensive hardware investments and intricate on-premises installations, thereby lowering upfront costs and maintenance overhead. This cost-effectiveness, combined with the ability to swiftly deploy and scale resources as required, has driven the adoption of cloud-based NDT solutions across various industries. As businesses increasingly embrace cloud technologies to streamline operations and boost agility, the Cloud-based segment is anticipated to maintain its dominance in the NDT market, fostering sustained growth and innovation within the sector.

Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market Regional Insights:

North America is Expected to Dominate the Market Over the Forecast period

• North America is poised to lead the regional Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market for several compelling reasons. the region boasts a robust technological infrastructure and widespread adoption of advanced networking solutions among businesses spanning various industries. This technological readiness provides fertile ground for the proliferation of NDTs, as organizations prioritize optimizing their network performance to remain competitive and meet evolving customer demands.
• Moreover, North America houses numerous leading NDT vendors and technology innovators, fostering continuous advancements in the field. These companies leverage the region's strong research and development capabilities, along with strategic partnerships with industry stakeholders, to develop cutting-edge NDT solutions tailored to the specific needs of North American businesses. The blend of technological sophistication, market maturity, and innovation ecosystem positions North America as the frontrunner in the Network Diagnostic Tool market, set to maintain its dominance in the foreseeable future.

Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market Top Key Players:

• Solarwinds (U.S.)
• IBM Corporation (U.S.)
• Cisco Systems, Inc. (U.S.)
• Broadcom Inc. (U.S.)
• NETSCOUT Systems, Inc. (U.S.)
• Viavi Solutions Inc. (U.S.)
• Riverbed Technology (U.S.)
• Manageengine (U.S.)
• Accedian Networks Inc. (U.S.)
• Internet2 (U.S.)
• PathSolutions (U.S.)
• Manageengine (U.S.)
• Fluke Corporation (U.S.)
• Netgear (U.S.)
• LogicMonitor (U.S.)
• Auvik Networks (Canada)
• Paessler AG (Germany)
• Colasoft (China), and Other Major Players

Key Industry Developments in the Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market:

• In February 2024, Cisco announced a series of exciting new solutions - enriched by business context - on the Cisco Observability Platform. With applications acting as the front door for nearly every business - and delivering a flawless application experience a top priority for IT teams - the latest enhancements will help customers deliver secure and performant user and application experience.
• In May 2024, Palo Alto Networks, a global cybersecurity leader, and IBM, a leading provider of hybrid cloud and AI, announced a comprehensive partnership to deliver AI-powered security solutions. This collaboration underscored their mutual commitment to enhancing each other's platforms and innovative capabilities. IBM agreed to provide security consulting services across Palo Alto Networks' security platforms. The announcement highlighted the dedication of both companies to leveraging AI for improved security outcomes for their customers.

1. INTRODUCTION
   1. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
   2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
   3. RESEARCH PROCESS
   4. SCOPE AND COVERAGE
      1. Market Definition
      2. Key Questions Answered
   5. MARKET SEGMENTATION
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3. MARKET OVERVIEW
4. GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES BY SEGMENT
5. MARKET LANDSCAPE
   1. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
      1. Bargaining Power Of Supplier
      2. Threat Of New Entrants
      3. Threat Of Substitutes
      4. Competitive Rivalry
      5. Bargaining Power Among Buyers
   2. INDUSTRY VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
   3. MARKET DYNAMICS
      1. Drivers
      2. Restraints
      3. Opportunities
      4. Challenges
   4. MARKET TREND ANALYSIS
   5. REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
   6. PESTLE ANALYSIS
   7. PRICE TREND ANALYSIS
   8. PATENT ANALYSIS
   9. TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
   10. MARKET IMPACT OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR
       1. Geopolitical Market Disruptions
       2. Supply Chain Disruptions
       3. Instability in Emerging Markets
   11. ECOSYSTEM
6. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET BY TYPE (2017-2032)
   1. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET SNAPSHOT AND GROWTH ENGINE
   2. MARKET OVERVIEW
   3. NETWORK SPEED DIAGNOSIS
      1. Introduction And Market Overview
      2. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Value (2017-2032)
      3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Volume (2017-2032)
      4. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
      5. Geographic Segmentation Analysis
   4. NETWORK HEALTH & PERFORMANCE MONITORING
   5. SECURITY & VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
   6. ADVANCED DIAGNOSTICS
7. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET BY DEPLOYMENT MODEL (2017-2032)
   1. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET SNAPSHOT AND GROWTH ENGINE
   2. MARKET OVERVIEW
   3. ON-PREMISE
      1. Introduction And Market Overview
      2. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Value (2017-2032)
      3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Volume (2017-2032)
      4. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
      5. Geographic Segmentation Analysis
   4. CLOUD-BASED
8. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET BY APPLICATION (2017-2032)
   1. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET SNAPSHOT AND GROWTH ENGINE
   2. MARKET OVERVIEW
   3. PERSONAL USE
      1. Introduction And Market Overview
      2. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Value (2017-2032)
      3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Volume (2017-2032)
      4. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
      5. Geographic Segmentation Analysis
   4. COMMERCIAL
9. COMPANY PROFILES AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
   1. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
      1. Competitive Positioning
      2. Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT) Market Share By Manufacturer (2022)
      3. Industry BCG Matrix
      4. Heat Map Analysis
      5. Mergers & Acquisitions
   2. SOLARWINDS (U.S.)
      1. Company Overview
      2. Key Executives
      3. Company Snapshot
      4. Role of the Company in the Market
      5. Sustainability and Social Responsibility
      6. Operating Business Segments
      7. Product Portfolio
      8. Business Performance (Production Volume, Sales Volume, Sales Margin, Production Capacity, Capacity Utilization Rate)
      9. Key Strategic Moves And Recent Developments
      10. SWOT Analysis
   3. IBM CORPORATION (U.S.)
   4. CISCO SYSTEMS, INC. (U.S.)
   5. BROADCOM INC. (U.S.)
   6. NETSCOUT SYSTEMS, INC. (U.S.)
   7. VIAVI SOLUTIONS INC. (U.S.)
   8. RIVERBED TECHNOLOGY (U.S.)
   9. MANAGEENGINE (U.S.)
   10. ACCEDIAN NETWORKS INC. (U.S.)
   11. INTERNET2 (U.S.)
   12. PATHSOLUTIONS (U.S.)
   13. MANAGEENGINE (U.S.)
   14. FLUKE CORPORATION (U.S.)
   15. NETGEAR (U.S.)
   16. LOGICMONITOR (U.S.)
   17. AUVIK NETWORKS (CANADA)
   18. PAESSLER AG (GERMANY)
   19. COLASOFT (CHINA)
10. GLOBAL NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET BY REGION
    1. OVERVIEW
    2. NORTH AMERICA
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Type
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Deployment Model
       5. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Application
       6. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. USA
          2. Canada
          3. Mexico
    3. EASTERN EUROPE
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Segments
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. Russia
          2. Bulgaria
          3. The Czech Republic
          4. Hungary
          5. Poland
          6. Romania
          7. Rest Of Eastern Europe
    4. WESTERN EUROPE
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Segments
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. Germany
          2. United Kingdom
          3. France
          4. The Netherlands
          5. Italy
          6. Spain
          7. Rest Of Western Europe
    5. ASIA PACIFIC
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Segments
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. China
          2. India
          3. Japan
          4. South Korea
          5. Malaysia
          6. Thailand
          7. Vietnam
          8. The Philippines
          9. Australia
          10. New-Zealand
          11. Rest Of APAC
    6. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Segments
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. Turkey
          2. Bahrain
          3. Kuwait
          4. Saudi Arabia
          5. Qatar
          6. UAE
          7. Israel
          8. South Africa
    7. SOUTH AMERICA
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Segments
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. Brazil
          2. Argentina
          3. Rest of South America
11. INVESTMENT ANALYSIS
12. ANALYST VIEWPOINT AND CONCLUSION
    1. Recommendations and Concluding Analysis
    2. Potential Market Strategies

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 001. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TABLE 002. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
TABLE 003. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET BARGAINING POWER OF CUSTOMERS
TABLE 004. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
TABLE 005. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
TABLE 006. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
TABLE 007. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET BY TYPE
TABLE 008. NETWORK SPEED DIAGNOSIS MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 009. CAROTID DIAGNOSIS MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 010. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET BY APPLICATION
TABLE 011. APPLICATION A MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 012. APPLICATION B MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 013. APPLICATION C MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 014. NORTH AMERICA NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 015. NORTH AMERICA NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY APPLICATION (2016-2028)
TABLE 016. N NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
TABLE 017. EUROPE NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 018. EUROPE NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY APPLICATION (2016-2028)
TABLE 019. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
TABLE 020. ASIA PACIFIC NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 021. ASIA PACIFIC NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY APPLICATION (2016-2028)
TABLE 022. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
TABLE 023. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 024. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY APPLICATION (2016-2028)
TABLE 025. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
TABLE 026. SOUTH AMERICA NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 027. SOUTH AMERICA NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY APPLICATION (2016-2028)
TABLE 028. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET, BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
TABLE 029. IBM: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 030. IBM: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 031. IBM: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 032. IBM: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 032. MICROSOFT: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 033. MICROSOFT: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 034. MICROSOFT: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 035. MICROSOFT: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 035. EDS: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 036. EDS: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 037. EDS: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 038. EDS: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 038. LOCKHEED MARTIN: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 039. LOCKHEED MARTIN: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 040. LOCKHEED MARTIN: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 041. LOCKHEED MARTIN: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 041. COMPUTER SCIENCES CORPORATION: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 042. COMPUTER SCIENCES CORPORATION: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 043. COMPUTER SCIENCES CORPORATION: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 044. COMPUTER SCIENCES CORPORATION: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 044. ORACLE: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 045. ORACLE: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 046. ORACLE: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 047. ORACLE: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 047. HITACHI: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 048. HITACHI: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 049. HITACHI: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 050. HITACHI: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 050. SAP: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 051. SAP: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 052. SAP: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 053. SAP: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 053. M-LAB: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 054. M-LAB: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 055. M-LAB: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 056. M-LAB: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 056. MYLG: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 057. MYLG: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 058. MYLG: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 059. MYLG: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 001. YEARS CONSIDERED FOR ANALYSIS
FIGURE 002. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
FIGURE 003. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET OVERVIEW BY REGIONS
FIGURE 004. PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
FIGURE 005. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
FIGURE 006. COMPETITIVE RIVALRYFIGURE 007. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
FIGURE 008. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
FIGURE 009. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
FIGURE 010. PESTLE ANALYSIS
FIGURE 011. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET OVERVIEW BY TYPE
FIGURE 012. NETWORK SPEED DIAGNOSIS MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 013. CAROTID DIAGNOSIS MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 014. NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET OVERVIEW BY APPLICATION
FIGURE 015. APPLICATION A MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 016. APPLICATION B MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 017. APPLICATION C MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 018. NORTH AMERICA NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
FIGURE 019. EUROPE NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
FIGURE 020. ASIA PACIFIC NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
FIGURE 021. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
FIGURE 022. SOUTH AMERICA NETWORK DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (NDT) MARKET OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)