Ice Maker Market Synopsis

Ice Maker Market Size Was Valued at USD 2.5 Billion in 2023 and is Projected to Reach USD 3.65 Billion by 2032, Growing at a CAGR of 4.3 % From 2023-2032.

An ice maker or ice machine is an appliance that manufactures ice in the forms of cubes, flakes, or nuggets. These machines can be used in both domestic and commercial environments as well as in industrial settings.

• Ice makers use refrigeration to freeze water by circulating refrigerant to absorb heat from water and produce ice. The main parts of an ice maker are the compressor, condenser, evaporator, and a control board that regulates the process of ice making.
• In residential use, ice makers are commonly built into refrigerators to offer a constant source of ice without having to use ice trays. Some of the units are integrated while others are portable, and they come with features such as water filters, automatic cleaning, and programmable ice makers. While home ice makers are meant for more personal use, commercial ice makers are used in restaurants, bars, hotels, and even hospitals. These machines are generally bigger and tougher and can produce ice at a constant rate to meet the needs of a busy establishment.
• Specialized ice makers are used in industries like food processing, fishing, and chemicals where a lot of ice is needed for storage, cooling and processing respectively. These machines are very effective and can produce different kinds of ice as per the required application. Technological advancements in ice maker systems have seen the creation of models that conserve power and are therefore economical and eco-friendly. Furthermore, the design and functionality of ice makers have evolved to increase convenience and efficiency of the machines across various industries.

Ice Maker Market Trend Analysis

Integration with smart home technology

• Smart home compatibility is another emerging trend in the ice maker market due to the growing consumer interest in ease of use, energy efficiency, and integration with other home devices. This way, ice makers can be remotely operated through smartphones or incorporated into smart home systems. This means that users can begin making ice, check the ice levels, and get maintenance notifications from any location, thus improving convenience and preventing them from running out of ice when they least expect it. The convenience of being able to turn appliances on and off remotely is ideal for the modern consumer, which is why smart ice makers are such an attractive choice.
• In addition, modern smart ice makers are often equipped with various features like voice control, energy consumption tracking, and compatibility with smart home devices like Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant. Not only do these features enhance the usability of the product, but they also help encourage the adoption of more environmentally friendly practices. For instance, energy efficiency monitoring enables users to manage the performance of their ice maker and save on energy costs. This makes it easier for users to operate the ice maker since they can simply use voice commands to get what they want.
• Furthermore, the connectivity of ice makers with other smart home appliances enhances the compatibility of the various devices. For instance, a smart refrigerator with an ice maker can interact with other smart devices in the house, including a home security system or a smart thermostat, to create a seamless smart home system. This further strengthens the appeal of smart home investments and makes ice makers a crucial addition to today’s smart home. With the advancement in technology, the demand for smart and interconnected ice makers is projected to rise due to the increased adoption of IoT devices and the consumer’s desire for home automation.

Develop space-saving and aesthetically pleasing countertop models

• The Ice Maker Market is ripe for innovation with the development of space-saving and aesthetically pleasing countertop models. As modern kitchens evolve, there is a growing demand for appliances that not only perform efficiently but also complement contemporary design trends. Compact ice makers can appeal to consumers living in urban environments where kitchen space is often limited. By focusing on space-saving designs, manufacturers can create models that fit seamlessly into small kitchens or even onto the counters of recreational vehicles, broadening their market reach and enhancing usability.
• Aesthetically pleasing designs are equally crucial in attracting a design-conscious consumer base. Today’s homeowners and renters prioritize kitchen appliances that match the sleek, minimalistic, and integrated looks that are currently in vogue. By offering ice makers in various finishes, colors, and with customizable features, companies can ensure their products enhance the overall aesthetic of the kitchen. This approach not only increases the appeal of the ice makers but also allows consumers to view them as integral components of their kitchen decor rather than just functional devices.
• Moreover, the emphasis on design and space efficiency can lead to greater market differentiation and brand loyalty. Consumers are more likely to invest in premium models that offer both functionality and style, perceiving them as value-added products. This opens up opportunities for manufacturers to introduce advanced features such as smart technology integration, energy-efficient systems, and quieter operation, all while maintaining a compact and elegant design. By doing so, companies can cater to a wider audience, including tech-savvy and environmentally conscious consumers, thereby securing a competitive edge in the Ice Maker Market.

Ice Maker Market Segment Analysis:

Ice Maker Market Segmented on the basis of Type, Product, and Application.

By Type, Built-in and Freestanding ice makers segment is expected to dominate the market during the forecast period

• The Ice Maker Market is segmented into three main types: There are freezer ice makers, built-in ice makers, freestanding ice makers, and portable ice makers. Out of these segments, the built-in and freestanding ice makers rule the market. This is mainly due to the fact that they are used in commercial establishments including restaurants, hotels and hospitals where there is always a demand for a lot of ice. The ice makers are known to be efficient, durable and they are capable of producing a large amount of ice in a short time to suit the needs of companies that need ice in large quantities.
• The following are some of the benefits that make built-in and freestanding ice makers ideal for commercial and residential use. They can be easily integrated into different settings; these can be mounted under countertops in commercial kitchens or placed as freestanding units in bars or offices. This flexibility and installation convenience make them popular among many companies. Also, the latest developments have seen these products become more energy efficient and come with features like self-cleaning which adds more value to their use.
• On the other hand, freezer ice makers and portable ice makers are targeted at specific segments of the market. Freezer ice makers have a relatively low ice production rate and are commonly used in homes or small business establishments. Portable ice makers are quite handy and easy to use for personal use or for small parties and they cannot compare with the capacity and efficiency of the commercial ice makers. Therefore, the demand for built-in and freestanding ice makers continues to be higher, further cementing their leadership in the overall Ice Maker Market. Due to their ability to meet the challenges of various industries, they are likely to keep on growing and remaining dominant in the market.

By Product, Cube ice makers segment held the largest share of xx% in 2023

• The different product segments in the Ice Maker Market include cube ice makers, half cube ice makers, nugget ice makers, and flake ice makers, and the cube ice makers are the most popular in the market. This can be attributed to the fact that they are used in many sectors such as food and beverage, hotel and tourism, medical, and commercial. This is because cube ice melts at a slow rate which is ideal for preserving the temperature and quality of the beverages. This makes cube ice makers very popular in restaurants, bars, and hotels where appearance of the served drinks and their shelf life is a big concern.
• Cube ice makers also enjoy a high degree of popularity and acceptance among consumers as well as commercial users. Due to their shape and size, cube ice can be used for a variety of purposes, including cooling beverages to storing food. This is a major advantage since cube ice makers can easily meet the needs of a wide range of clients. Additionally, technological advancements have improved the performance and effectiveness of cube ice makers, leading to increased efficiency and reduced costs. These enhancements have enhanced their market standing, leading to increased uptake across various industries.
• However, the market share of half cube, nugget, and flake ice makers, as well as their niches are more limited. For example, half cube ice makers are commonly used in fast food and quick service restaurants because of their rapid cooling ability and compact size for drinks. Nugget ice machines are preferred in healthcare facilities and for specific drinks because the ice is softer and can be chewed without causing damage to teeth. The flake ice makers are mainly employed in the food industry for storage and presentation, for instance in fish markets and buffets where the malleability of the ice and its ability to cool is of great importance. However, the general usage and higher demand for cube ice in different sectors make cube ice makers dominate the Ice Maker Market.

Ice Maker Market Regional Insights:

North America is Expected to Dominate the Market Over the Forecast Period

• The factors that have contributed to the leadership of North America in the ice maker market include advanced technology, high demand from different industries, and focus on quality and innovation. This region has a strong network of manufacturers who use state of the art technology to manufacture quality ice makers. This technological advancement makes the ice makers not only effective but also versatile for use in different industries such as hospitality and healthcare. In addition, the availability of well-known brands and a sophisticated supply chain infrastructure supports the manufacturing and distribution of ice makers, thus sustaining North America’s market dominance.
• Another key factor that has contributed to North America’s leadership in the ice maker market is the high demand from the food service and hotel industries. The availability of restaurants, hotels, cafes, and bars in the United States and Canada ensures a steady market for such products due to the constant need for ice. These establishments need a constant source of ice for drinks, food storage, and other functions. Also, the increased popularity of outdoor events and recreational activities especially in North America has also enhance the demand for portable and commercial ice makers. The consumer culture in the region, which focuses on convenience and high levels of service, will continue to support strong demand for efficient ice makers.
• The market dominance can be attributed to the robust economic base of North America and high levels of disposable income. People in this region can afford to purchase high-end home appliances, including ice makers. In addition, the healthcare industry is expected to expand due to the aging population and the development of more facilities, which makes the use of ice makers in the healthcare industry, for example, for storing vaccines or preserving biological material, necessary. Norms and legislations also contribute to this since there are certain laws that mandate the use of proper and clean ice making machines in different fields thus providing a steady market. Combined, these factors help to foster growth in the ice maker market in North America..

Active Key Players in the Ice Maker Market

• Ali Group S.p.A. (Italy)
• Brema Ice Makers (Italy)
• Changshu Lingke Electric Appliance Co., Ltd. (China)
• Cornelius, Inc. (United States)
• Electrolux Professional (Sweden)
• Follett LLC (United States)
• Hoshizaki Corporation (Japan)
• Ice-O-Matic (United States)
• ITV Ice Makers Inc. (Spain)
• Kloppenberg & Co. (United States)
• Kold-Draft (United States)
• Manitowoc Ice (United States)
• Maxx Ice (United States)
• Orien USA (United States)
• Polar Refrigeration (United Kingdom)
• Scotsman Ice Systems (United States)
• Snowsman Co., Ltd. (China)
• Summit Appliance (United States)
• The Middleby Corporation (United States)
• U-Line Corporation (United States), Other Major Players.

Key Industry Developments in the Ice Maker Market:

• In July 2023, eCozy introduced a portable ice maker, which stated that the new models are 40% smaller in size but provide the same output. It produces 37% more ice compared to conventional ice maker machines.

Chapter 1: Introduction
 1.1 Scope and Coverage

Chapter 2:Executive Summary

Chapter 3: Market Landscape
 3.1 Market Dynamics
  3.1.1 Drivers
  3.1.2 Restraints
  3.1.3 Opportunities
  3.1.4 Challenges
 3.2 Market Trend Analysis
 3.3 PESTLE Analysis
 3.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
 3.5 Industry Value Chain Analysis
 3.6 Ecosystem
 3.7 Regulatory Landscape
 3.8 Price Trend Analysis
 3.9 Patent Analysis
 3.10 Technology Evolution
 3.11 Investment Pockets
 3.12 Import-Export Analysis

Chapter 4: Ice Maker Market by Type
 4.1 Ice Maker Market Snapshot and Growth Engine
 4.2 Ice Maker Market Overview
 4.3 Freezer ice makers
  4.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  4.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  4.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  4.3.4 Freezer ice makers: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 4.4 Built-in & Freestanding ice makers
  4.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  4.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  4.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  4.4.4 Built-in & Freestanding ice makers: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 4.5 Portable ice makers
  4.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  4.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  4.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  4.5.4 Portable ice makers: Geographic Segmentation Analysis

Chapter 5: Ice Maker Market by Product
 5.1 Ice Maker Market Snapshot and Growth Engine
 5.2 Ice Maker Market Overview
 5.3 Cube ice makers
  5.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.3.4 Cube ice makers: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 5.4 Half cube ice makers
  5.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.4.4 Half cube ice makers: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 5.5 Nugget ice makers
  5.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.5.4 Nugget ice makers: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 5.6 Flake ice makers
  5.6.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.6.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.6.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.6.4 Flake ice makers: Geographic Segmentation Analysis

Chapter 6: Ice Maker Market by Applications
 6.1 Ice Maker Market Snapshot and Growth Engine
 6.2 Ice Maker Market Overview
 6.3 Healthcare industry
  6.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.3.4 Healthcare industry: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.4 Hospitality industry
  6.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.4.4 Hospitality industry: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.5 Food & beverage industry
  6.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.5.4 Food & beverage industry: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.6 Hotels & restaurants
  6.6.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.6.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.6.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.6.4 Hotels & restaurants: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.7 Convenience stores
  6.7.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.7.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.7.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.7.4 Convenience stores: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.8 supermarkets
  6.8.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.8.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.8.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.8.4 supermarkets: Geographic Segmentation Analysis

Chapter 7: Company Profiles and Competitive Analysis
 7.1 Competitive Landscape
  7.1.1 Competitive Benchmarking
  7.1.2 Ice Maker Market Share by Manufacturer (2023)
  7.1.3 Industry BCG Matrix
  7.1.4 Heat Map Analysis
  7.1.5 Mergers and Acquisitions
  
 7.2 ALI GROUP S.P.A (ITALY)
  7.2.1 Company Overview
  7.2.2 Key Executives
  7.2.3 Company Snapshot
  7.2.4 Role of the Company in the Market
  7.2.5 Sustainability and Social Responsibility
  7.2.6 Operating Business Segments
  7.2.7 Product Portfolio
  7.2.8 Business Performance
  7.2.9 Key Strategic Moves and Recent Developments
  7.2.10 SWOT Analysis
 7.3 BREMA ICE MAKERS (ITALY)
 7.4 CHANGSHU LINGKE ELECTRIC APPLIANCE CO LTD (CHINA)
 7.5 CORNELIUS INC (UNITED STATES)
 7.6 ELECTROLUX PROFESSIONAL (SWEDEN)
 7.7 FOLLETT LLC (UNITED STATES)
 7.8 HOSHIZAKI CORPORATION (JAPAN)
 7.9 ICE-O-MATIC (UNITED STATES)
 7.10 ITV ICE MAKERS INC (SPAIN)
 7.11 KLOPPENBERG & CO (UNITED STATES)
 7.12 KOLD-DRAFT (UNITED STATES)
 7.13 MANITOWOC ICE (UNITED STATES)
 7.14 MAXX ICE (UNITED STATES)
 7.15 ORIEN USA (UNITED STATES)
 7.16 POLAR REFRIGERATION (UNITED KINGDOM)
 7.17 SCOTSMAN ICE SYSTEMS (UNITED STATES)
 7.18 SNOWSMAN CO LTD (CHINA)
 7.19 SUMMIT APPLIANCE (UNITED STATES)
 7.20 THE MIDDLEBY CORPORATION (UNITED STATES)
 7.21 U-LINE CORPORATION (UNITED STATES)
 7.22 OTHER MAJOR PLAYERS

Chapter 8: Global Ice Maker Market By Region
 8.1 Overview
 8.2. North America Ice Maker Market
  8.2.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.2.2 Top Key Companies
  8.2.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.2.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Type
   8.2.4.1 Freezer ice makers
   8.2.4.2 Built-in & Freestanding ice makers
   8.2.4.3 Portable ice makers
  8.2.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product
   8.2.5.1 Cube ice makers
   8.2.5.2 Half cube ice makers
   8.2.5.3 Nugget ice makers
   8.2.5.4 Flake ice makers
  8.2.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Applications
   8.2.6.1 Healthcare industry
   8.2.6.2 Hospitality industry
   8.2.6.3 Food & beverage industry
   8.2.6.4 Hotels & restaurants
   8.2.6.5 Convenience stores
   8.2.6.6 supermarkets
  8.2.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
   8.2.7.1 US
   8.2.7.2 Canada
   8.2.7.3 Mexico
 8.3. Eastern Europe Ice Maker Market
  8.3.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.3.2 Top Key Companies
  8.3.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.3.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Type
   8.3.4.1 Freezer ice makers
   8.3.4.2 Built-in & Freestanding ice makers
   8.3.4.3 Portable ice makers
  8.3.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product
   8.3.5.1 Cube ice makers
   8.3.5.2 Half cube ice makers
   8.3.5.3 Nugget ice makers
   8.3.5.4 Flake ice makers
  8.3.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Applications
   8.3.6.1 Healthcare industry
   8.3.6.2 Hospitality industry
   8.3.6.3 Food & beverage industry
   8.3.6.4 Hotels & restaurants
   8.3.6.5 Convenience stores
   8.3.6.6 supermarkets
  8.3.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
   8.3.7.1 Bulgaria
   8.3.7.2 The Czech Republic
   8.3.7.3 Hungary
   8.3.7.4 Poland
   8.3.7.5 Romania
   8.3.7.6 Rest of Eastern Europe
 8.4. Western Europe Ice Maker Market
  8.4.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.4.2 Top Key Companies
  8.4.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.4.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Type
   8.4.4.1 Freezer ice makers
   8.4.4.2 Built-in & Freestanding ice makers
   8.4.4.3 Portable ice makers
  8.4.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product
   8.4.5.1 Cube ice makers
   8.4.5.2 Half cube ice makers
   8.4.5.3 Nugget ice makers
   8.4.5.4 Flake ice makers
  8.4.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Applications
   8.4.6.1 Healthcare industry
   8.4.6.2 Hospitality industry
   8.4.6.3 Food & beverage industry
   8.4.6.4 Hotels & restaurants
   8.4.6.5 Convenience stores
   8.4.6.6 supermarkets
  8.4.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
   8.4.7.1 Germany
   8.4.7.2 UK
   8.4.7.3 France
   8.4.7.4 Netherlands
   8.4.7.5 Italy
   8.4.7.6 Russia
   8.4.7.7 Spain
   8.4.7.8 Rest of Western Europe
 8.5. Asia Pacific Ice Maker Market
  8.5.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.5.2 Top Key Companies
  8.5.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.5.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Type
   8.5.4.1 Freezer ice makers
   8.5.4.2 Built-in & Freestanding ice makers
   8.5.4.3 Portable ice makers
  8.5.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product
   8.5.5.1 Cube ice makers
   8.5.5.2 Half cube ice makers
   8.5.5.3 Nugget ice makers
   8.5.5.4 Flake ice makers
  8.5.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Applications
   8.5.6.1 Healthcare industry
   8.5.6.2 Hospitality industry
   8.5.6.3 Food & beverage industry
   8.5.6.4 Hotels & restaurants
   8.5.6.5 Convenience stores
   8.5.6.6 supermarkets
  8.5.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
   8.5.7.1 China
   8.5.7.2 India
   8.5.7.3 Japan
   8.5.7.4 South Korea
   8.5.7.5 Malaysia
   8.5.7.6 Thailand
   8.5.7.7 Vietnam
   8.5.7.8 The Philippines
   8.5.7.9 Australia
   8.5.7.10 New Zealand
   8.5.7.11 Rest of APAC
 8.6. Middle East & Africa Ice Maker Market
  8.6.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.6.2 Top Key Companies
  8.6.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.6.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Type
   8.6.4.1 Freezer ice makers
   8.6.4.2 Built-in & Freestanding ice makers
   8.6.4.3 Portable ice makers
  8.6.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product
   8.6.5.1 Cube ice makers
   8.6.5.2 Half cube ice makers
   8.6.5.3 Nugget ice makers
   8.6.5.4 Flake ice makers
  8.6.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Applications
   8.6.6.1 Healthcare industry
   8.6.6.2 Hospitality industry
   8.6.6.3 Food & beverage industry
   8.6.6.4 Hotels & restaurants
   8.6.6.5 Convenience stores
   8.6.6.6 supermarkets
  8.6.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
   8.6.7.1 Turkey
   8.6.7.2 Bahrain
   8.6.7.3 Kuwait
   8.6.7.4 Saudi Arabia
   8.6.7.5 Qatar
   8.6.7.6 UAE
   8.6.7.7 Israel
   8.6.7.8 South Africa
 8.7. South America Ice Maker Market
  8.7.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.7.2 Top Key Companies
  8.7.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.7.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Type
   8.7.4.1 Freezer ice makers
   8.7.4.2 Built-in & Freestanding ice makers
   8.7.4.3 Portable ice makers
  8.7.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product
   8.7.5.1 Cube ice makers
   8.7.5.2 Half cube ice makers
   8.7.5.3 Nugget ice makers
   8.7.5.4 Flake ice makers
  8.7.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Applications
   8.7.6.1 Healthcare industry
   8.7.6.2 Hospitality industry
   8.7.6.3 Food & beverage industry
   8.7.6.4 Hotels & restaurants
   8.7.6.5 Convenience stores
   8.7.6.6 supermarkets
  8.7.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
   8.7.7.1 Brazil
   8.7.7.2 Argentina
   8.7.7.3 Rest of SA

Chapter 9 Analyst Viewpoint and Conclusion
9.1 Recommendations and Concluding Analysis
9.2 Potential Market Strategies

Chapter 10 Research Methodology
10.1 Research Process
10.2 Primary Research
10.3 Secondary Research