Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Synopsis

Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Size Was Valued at USD 20.06 Billion in 2023, and is Projected to Reach USD 27.34 Billion by 2032, Growing at a CAGR of 3.50% From 2024-2032.

The hypercholesterolemia treatment is associated to a number of medicinal products and the overall treatment approaches that aim to address the cases of high cholesterol levels in patient and thereby minimizing the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. This market comprises statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, bile ad reabsorption inhibitors, cholesterol, absorption inhibitors, and other related drug classes, combined with lifestyle modification programs and diets, and supplements. The rise in the number of patients affected by hypercholesterolemia resulting from inactive lifestyles, improper diets and growing obesity therefore creates a market need for the drugs. Furthermore, continuing innovation in drugs and genetic treatments and the growth of the culture of individualized treatment is additionally influencing the formation of this market and making it one of the most important spheres in the sphere of healthcare.

• The hypercholesterolemia treatment market is also growing at a high pace because high cholesterol levels is becoming common for populations around the globe. Another significant condition whereby there is high level of cholesterol in the blood is hypercholesterolemia, which contributes great peril to cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and stoke. Due to increased knowledge of the health consequences related to high cholesterol another appealing method increases. The market covers various therapeutic classes of products like statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, and bile acid sequestrants as well as new entrants such as cholesterol absorption inhibitors and combination therapies for various patient segments with different objectives of treatment.
• Factors that are fueling growth in the market are growth of drug development, enhanced healthcare spending and a shift towards preventive healthcare measures. In addition, the population that is now aging also has high likelihood of developing cholesterol related diseases thus increasing the number of patients. Through telemedicine and mHealth apps, there is better patient involvement and medication compliance due to better results which are all benefits of adopting digital Health solutions. Moreover, new policies helping to advance cardiovascular health and the availability of the relatively cheap generics make treatments more accessible.
• In addition, regional currents also significantly influence the differentiation of the market situation. North America has many parameters of the hypercholesterolemia treatment market due to the high level of health care expenditures, growing awareness of cardiovascular diseases, and localization of numerous pharmaceutical companies. However, the Asia-Pacific region is the most promising one as the Population has higher disposable incomes, shifting towards active and unhealthy life styles, and coping with chronic diseases. Since pharmaceutical firms are aspiring to diversify and address more patients with exciting therapies and complementary treatment regimens, the hypercholesterolemia treatment market is optimistic for growth across the foreseeable future because of the industries’ goal to reducing cardiovascular diseases and enhancing patient experiences.

Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Trend Analysis

Focus on Lifestyle Management and Innovative Therapies

• Due to the effect of adopting unhealthily lifestyle such as high intake of foods with saturated fats and sugars and heightened easy inactivity, cholesterol is still on the high side and therefore it is witnessed that healthcare practitioners are now putting emphasis on cholesterol as a core parameter in preventive health. Such shift also explains the increased tendency for public health campaigns, as well as various clinical recommendations, putting an accent on frequent cholesterol checks and early stages intervention. Furthermore, overweight, obesity, unhealthy eating habits, and sedentary lifestyle are integrated into a hypercholesterolemic diagnostic criteria through the identification of improved dietary choices and increased physical activity as fundamental strategies of hypercholesterolemia management. These preventative measures are important because not only they can lower cholesterol but also prevent other cardiovascular diseases that are causing high morbidity and mortality around the globe.
• And, due to the high result request about effective remedies, the market has witnessed progressive changes in the drug formulations and the combination therapy. The earlier and the most traditional anti-cholesterol medications – statins, are now being accompanied with other agents such as PCSK9 inhibitors. These combined treatment regimen makes another advantage over the monotherapy so that more intensive lipid-lowering intervention can be delivered according to each patient’s case. Besides this, availability of these revolutionary therapies is promoting competitive pricing strategies among producers due to the calls for affordability yet get enabling treatment approaches. This changing of the guard is a positive sign for healthcare consumers and prescribers as there are simply more effective therapies on the shelves to manage hypercholesterolemia and enhance medication adherence.

Personalized Medicine in Hypercholesterolemia Treatment

• Pursuing this, another trend that can be discussed with reference to the hypercholesterolemia treatment market is the focus on personalized medicine. With advancements in genetics and its decline in cost, health care providers are in a position to better individualize a patient’s regimen for managing high cholesterol, as well as their reactions to certain drugs. Besides improving the treatment outcomes, the approach prevents the time consuming and costly process of solving an optimal reatment protocol. A closer look at the way cholesterol is metabolized in a specific patient and genetic predisposition enables the doctors to enhance the approach, which subsequently will increase the level of patients’ satisfaction among the population.
• However, the adoption of the digital health technologies is also changing how patients approach management of cholesterol. Through smartphones, smartwatches and other telecare devices, as well as teleconsultation, patients can daily log their progress and remain compliant with related recommendations. These technologies help transform patients into information enable consumers by offering them information on how they should change their daily lifestyles in order to improve compliance with their prescriptive regimens. With the authorities allowing new therapies and digital health solutions, the market is becoming more diverse and focusing on patients. In so doing, this evolution not only serves to satisfy a wide range of healthcare priorities within the population; this evolution also entails outcomes that more proactively address hypercholesterolemia, and improves cardiovascular health across the spectrum.

Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Segment Analysis:

Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Segmented based on By Treatment,By Route of Administration and By End-Users.

By Treatment , Diagnosis segment is expected to dominate the market during the forecast period

• Diagnosis is a very important strategy in the provision of quality health care since it entails the provision of the specific causes of the health state of the patient for the selection of the right management strategy. Some of the diagnostic tools include: laboratory tests, imaging scans to observe body malfunctions and physical examination to check on the level of dysfunction of an individual’s body. Diagnostic accuracy assists physicians to identify specific illness experienced by the patient, be it an acute or chronic case, or a complicated one. It also becomes very important since without the diagnosis, treatment might not only be unsuccessful but can even harm the patient. Unlike identification that is limited to the current defect, diagnosis also determines other risks to health so as to prevent future health complications.
• Furthermore, diagnostics instruments have received imposing enhancements in their degrees of accuracy and timeliness in the detection of diseases. From DNA profiling right down to sophisticated diagnostic tools such as MRI and CT scans, these technologies have greater penetration in understanding the level of sickness in the patient, leading to better diagnosis and/ or treatment option earlier. One of the determinant factors of treatment outcomes especially in diseases such as cancer is reliant on the stage at which the disease is diagnosed. It also assists the caregivers especially in rewriting unique treatments that better fit the patient’s biological characteristics, habits, and inclinations thus improving the approaches to be used. Such approach definitely raises the effectiveness of the treatment but also contributes to the patients’ satisfaction and better quality of life.

By End-Users, Hospitals segment held the largest share in 2023

• Hospitals are the largest end-user category in healthcare due to their ability to offer a broad spectrum of medical services under one roof, from routine check-ups to complex surgeries and emergency care. Their extensive infrastructure includes well-equipped facilities such as operating rooms, intensive care units, and diagnostic laboratories, enabling them to handle a wide range of medical conditions. Hospitals are designed to manage acute medical emergencies, chronic diseases, and specialized treatments, making them the primary destination for patients in need of comprehensive care. Additionally, hospitals often house specialized departments, such as cardiology, oncology, and orthopedics, each staffed with expert healthcare professionals who provide targeted and advanced treatment for specific conditions. This concentration of resources and expertise ensures that patients receive high-quality care that is not available in smaller healthcare settings.
• Furthermore, hospitals are equipped with advanced medical technologies that enhance diagnosis, treatment, and patient monitoring. These technologies, such as robotic surgery, advanced imaging systems, and electronic health records, enable healthcare providers to deliver more accurate and efficient care. The presence of specialized healthcare professionals, including surgeons, specialists, and nurses, further strengthens the hospital’s role as a comprehensive treatment center. These professionals work collaboratively across different departments to ensure that patients receive multidisciplinary care tailored to their unique needs. In addition to medical treatment, hospitals also provide critical post-treatment services, such as rehabilitation and counseling, which are essential for patient recovery and long-term health management. Overall, the combination of advanced infrastructure, cutting-edge technology, and highly trained medical staff makes hospitals the largest and most essential end-users in the healthcare system.

Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Regional Insights:

North America is Expected to Dominate the Market Over the Forecast period

• In North America more specifically in USA and Canada, the hypercholesterolemia treatment market is mainly driven by high prevalence of hypercholeterolaemia which is associated with increasing incidence of obesity, less physical activity and unhealthy diet. Conditions caused by increased cholesterol levels have emerged as a critical public health issue in today’s world, hence creating the need for good treatments for diseases that result from cholesterol. Cholesterol lowering therapeutic products such as statins, PCSK9 inhibitors and other drugs are developed easily here, because the region have an advanced health care industry and a sound pharma industry. Statins remain the most prominent class of drug products for addressing hypercholesterolemia, while the rising use of new biologics such as PCSK9 inhibitors marks a shift in the management of the condition with products that are.
• both tolerable and more effective than statins, particularly for patients who cannot tolerate statins or those with severe hypercholesterolemia. Similarly, augmentation of drugs by lifestyle modification programs that involve accompanying dietary alterations and exercise regimes are gradually being incorporated into mainstream therapeutic strategies.
• Furthermore, the region of North America has a high percentage of health care spending and insurance reform contribute to the availability of advanced processing. Ideal reimbursement structures in both the U.S. and Canada guarantee patients access innovative therapeutic products at affordable costs. This has placed the region on the map as a leader in the hypercholesterolemia treatment market as more patients embrace high cost biologic drugs and combination therapies. However, there is increasing cost of healthcare especially in the United States which is a very strategic market for the players in this region. Rising price of drugs along with rising awareness of expensive new therapies may result in higher stress on the healthcare providers and insurers. In addition, the regulatory environment proved to challenge the speed of new therapeutic developments and their pricing in coming years; policy changes will be needed to sustain the pace of innovation and contain costs.

Active Key Players in the Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market

• Pfizer Inc. (U.S.),
• Abbvie Inc. (U.S.),
• Novartis AG (Switzerland),
• Amgen Inc. (U.S.),
• Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. (Germany),
• Merck & Co Inc. (U.S.),
• Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (India),
• Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd. (Israel),
• AstraZeneca (U.K.),
• Fresenius Kabi AG (Germany),
• Bayer AG (Germany),
• Aurobindo Pharma (India),
• Melinta Therapeutics, Inc (U.S.)
• Other Key Players

Chapter 1: Introduction
 1.1 Scope and Coverage

Chapter 2:Executive Summary

Chapter 3: Market Landscape
 3.1 Market Dynamics
  3.1.1 Drivers
  3.1.2 Restraints
  3.1.3 Opportunities
  3.1.4 Challenges
 3.2 Market Trend Analysis
 3.3 PESTLE Analysis
 3.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
 3.5 Industry Value Chain Analysis
 3.6 Ecosystem
 3.7 Regulatory Landscape
 3.8 Price Trend Analysis
 3.9 Patent Analysis
 3.10 Technology Evolution
 3.11 Investment Pockets
 3.12 Import-Export Analysis

Chapter 4: Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market by Treatment
 4.1 Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Snapshot and Growth Engine
 4.2 Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Overview
 4.3 Diagnosis
  4.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  4.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  4.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  4.3.4 Diagnosis: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 4.4 Medication
  4.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  4.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  4.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  4.4.4 Medication: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 4.5 Physical Therapy
  4.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  4.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  4.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  4.5.4 Physical Therapy: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 4.6 Others
  4.6.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  4.6.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  4.6.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  4.6.4 Others: Geographic Segmentation Analysis

Chapter 5: Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market by Route of Administration
 5.1 Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Snapshot and Growth Engine
 5.2 Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Overview
 5.3 AEM-2802
  5.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.3.4 AEM-2802: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 5.4 AEM-2814
  5.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.4.4 AEM-2814: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 5.5 Alirocumab
  5.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.5.4 Alirocumab: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 5.6 Evinacumab
  5.6.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.6.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.6.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.6.4 Evinacumab: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 5.7 Others
  5.7.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.7.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.7.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.7.4 Others: Geographic Segmentation Analysis

Chapter 6: Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market by End-Users
 6.1 Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Snapshot and Growth Engine
 6.2 Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Overview
 6.3 Hospitals
  6.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.3.4 Hospitals: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.4 Homecare
  6.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.4.4 Homecare: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.5 Speciality Centres
  6.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.5.4 Speciality Centres: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.6 Others
  6.6.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.6.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.6.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.6.4 Others: Geographic Segmentation Analysis

Chapter 7: Company Profiles and Competitive Analysis
 7.1 Competitive Landscape
  7.1.1 Competitive Benchmarking
  7.1.2 Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market Share by Manufacturer (2023)
  7.1.3 Industry BCG Matrix
  7.1.4 Heat Map Analysis
  7.1.5 Mergers and Acquisitions
  
 7.2 PFIZER INC (US)
  7.2.1 Company Overview
  7.2.2 Key Executives
  7.2.3 Company Snapshot
  7.2.4 Role of the Company in the Market
  7.2.5 Sustainability and Social Responsibility
  7.2.6 Operating Business Segments
  7.2.7 Product Portfolio
  7.2.8 Business Performance
  7.2.9 Key Strategic Moves and Recent Developments
  7.2.10 SWOT Analysis
 7.3 ABBVIE INC (US)
 7.4 NOVARTIS AG (SWITZERLAND)
 7.5 AMGEN INC (US)
 7.6 BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM INTERNATIONAL GMBH (GERMANY)
 7.7 MERCK & CO INC (US)
 7.8 SUN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES LTD (INDIA)
 7.9 TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRIES LTD (ISRAEL)
 7.10 ASTRAZENECA (UK)
 7.11 FRESENIUS KABI AG (GERMANY)
 7.12 BAYER AG (GERMANY)
 7.13 AUROBINDO PHARMA (INDIA)
 7.14 MELINTA THERAPEUTICS INC (US)
 7.15 OTHER

Chapter 8: Global Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market By Region
 8.1 Overview
 8.2. North America Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market
  8.2.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.2.2 Top Key Companies
  8.2.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.2.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Treatment
  8.2.4.1 Diagnosis
  8.2.4.2 Medication
  8.2.4.3 Physical Therapy
  8.2.4.4 Others
  8.2.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Route of Administration
  8.2.5.1 AEM-2802
  8.2.5.2 AEM-2814
  8.2.5.3 Alirocumab
  8.2.5.4 Evinacumab
  8.2.5.5 Others
  8.2.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Users
  8.2.6.1 Hospitals
  8.2.6.2 Homecare
  8.2.6.3 Speciality Centres
  8.2.6.4 Others
  8.2.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  8.2.7.1 US
  8.2.7.2 Canada
  8.2.7.3 Mexico
 8.3. Eastern Europe Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market
  8.3.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.3.2 Top Key Companies
  8.3.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.3.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Treatment
  8.3.4.1 Diagnosis
  8.3.4.2 Medication
  8.3.4.3 Physical Therapy
  8.3.4.4 Others
  8.3.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Route of Administration
  8.3.5.1 AEM-2802
  8.3.5.2 AEM-2814
  8.3.5.3 Alirocumab
  8.3.5.4 Evinacumab
  8.3.5.5 Others
  8.3.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Users
  8.3.6.1 Hospitals
  8.3.6.2 Homecare
  8.3.6.3 Speciality Centres
  8.3.6.4 Others
  8.3.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  8.3.7.1 Bulgaria
  8.3.7.2 The Czech Republic
  8.3.7.3 Hungary
  8.3.7.4 Poland
  8.3.7.5 Romania
  8.3.7.6 Rest of Eastern Europe
 8.4. Western Europe Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market
  8.4.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.4.2 Top Key Companies
  8.4.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.4.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Treatment
  8.4.4.1 Diagnosis
  8.4.4.2 Medication
  8.4.4.3 Physical Therapy
  8.4.4.4 Others
  8.4.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Route of Administration
  8.4.5.1 AEM-2802
  8.4.5.2 AEM-2814
  8.4.5.3 Alirocumab
  8.4.5.4 Evinacumab
  8.4.5.5 Others
  8.4.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Users
  8.4.6.1 Hospitals
  8.4.6.2 Homecare
  8.4.6.3 Speciality Centres
  8.4.6.4 Others
  8.4.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  8.4.7.1 Germany
  8.4.7.2 UK
  8.4.7.3 France
  8.4.7.4 Netherlands
  8.4.7.5 Italy
  8.4.7.6 Russia
  8.4.7.7 Spain
  8.4.7.8 Rest of Western Europe
 8.5. Asia Pacific Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market
  8.5.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.5.2 Top Key Companies
  8.5.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.5.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Treatment
  8.5.4.1 Diagnosis
  8.5.4.2 Medication
  8.5.4.3 Physical Therapy
  8.5.4.4 Others
  8.5.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Route of Administration
  8.5.5.1 AEM-2802
  8.5.5.2 AEM-2814
  8.5.5.3 Alirocumab
  8.5.5.4 Evinacumab
  8.5.5.5 Others
  8.5.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Users
  8.5.6.1 Hospitals
  8.5.6.2 Homecare
  8.5.6.3 Speciality Centres
  8.5.6.4 Others
  8.5.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  8.5.7.1 China
  8.5.7.2 India
  8.5.7.3 Japan
  8.5.7.4 South Korea
  8.5.7.5 Malaysia
  8.5.7.6 Thailand
  8.5.7.7 Vietnam
  8.5.7.8 The Philippines
  8.5.7.9 Australia
  8.5.7.10 New Zealand
  8.5.7.11 Rest of APAC
 8.6. Middle East & Africa Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market
  8.6.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.6.2 Top Key Companies
  8.6.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.6.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Treatment
  8.6.4.1 Diagnosis
  8.6.4.2 Medication
  8.6.4.3 Physical Therapy
  8.6.4.4 Others
  8.6.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Route of Administration
  8.6.5.1 AEM-2802
  8.6.5.2 AEM-2814
  8.6.5.3 Alirocumab
  8.6.5.4 Evinacumab
  8.6.5.5 Others
  8.6.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Users
  8.6.6.1 Hospitals
  8.6.6.2 Homecare
  8.6.6.3 Speciality Centres
  8.6.6.4 Others
  8.6.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  8.6.7.1 Turkey
  8.6.7.2 Bahrain
  8.6.7.3 Kuwait
  8.6.7.4 Saudi Arabia
  8.6.7.5 Qatar
  8.6.7.6 UAE
  8.6.7.7 Israel
  8.6.7.8 South Africa
 8.7. South America Hypercholesterolemia Treatment Market
  8.7.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.7.2 Top Key Companies
  8.7.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  8.7.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Treatment
  8.7.4.1 Diagnosis
  8.7.4.2 Medication
  8.7.4.3 Physical Therapy
  8.7.4.4 Others
  8.7.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Route of Administration
  8.7.5.1 AEM-2802
  8.7.5.2 AEM-2814
  8.7.5.3 Alirocumab
  8.7.5.4 Evinacumab
  8.7.5.5 Others
  8.7.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Users
  8.7.6.1 Hospitals
  8.7.6.2 Homecare
  8.7.6.3 Speciality Centres
  8.7.6.4 Others
  8.7.7 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  8.7.7.1 Brazil
  8.7.7.2 Argentina
  8.7.7.3 Rest of SA

Chapter 9 Analyst Viewpoint and Conclusion
9.1 Recommendations and Concluding Analysis
9.2 Potential Market Strategies

Chapter 10 Research Methodology
10.1 Research Process
10.2 Primary Research
10.3 Secondary Research