Auto SCR System Market Synopsis

Auto SCR System Market Size Was Valued at USD 8.86 Billion in 2023, and is Projected to Reach USD 20.87 Billion by 2032, Growing at a CAGR of 11.30% From 2024-2032.

Diesel engines utilize the Auto SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) system as an emissions control technology to decrease nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. It operates by injecting diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), a urea-based solution, into the exhaust stream. When the DEF reacts with NOx in the presence of a catalyst, the NOx is converted to water vapor and nitrogen, both of which have reduced environmental damage. Modern diesel vehicles and apparatus commonly employ SCR systems to comply with stringent emissions regulations.

• Particularly in the automotive industry, the Driver Auto Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) System market is a vital component of contemporary diesel engine technology. By converting nitrogen oxides (NOx) into nitrogen, water vapor, and trace quantities of carbon dioxide, which are less hazardous to the environment, the system contributes to the reduction of harmful emissions.
• The global market for Driver Auto SCR Systems has been expanding consistently as a result of increasingly stringent emissions regulations. As environmental agencies and governments impose stricter emission limits on vehicles, automakers are adopting SCR systems to comply with these regulations.
• The expanding market for driver auto SCR systems is significantly propelled by the rising demand for fuel-efficient automobiles. By optimizing engine performance, decreasing fuel consumption, and extending the life of the engine and other components, SCR systems increase fuel efficiency.
• The market is also substantially propelled by the increasing recognition of environmental concerns and the imperative to mitigate air pollution. In response, automotive manufacturers are progressively integrating SCR systems into their vehicles as a means to satisfy consumer demands for environmentally sustainable products and adhere to emissions regulations.
• Also influencing the market for Driver Auto SCR Systems are technological developments, including the creation of more effective catalysts and enhanced control systems. The implementation of SCR systems in the automotive industry has been further propelled by the enhanced effectiveness and dependability of these innovations.

Auto SCR System Market Trend Analysis

Greening the Road, How SCR Systems Are Transforming the Automotive Industry

• A noteworthy development in the automotive selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system market is the emergence of novel approaches and expansion. To comply with stringent emission regulations, the automotive industry is increasingly adopting SCR systems, especially for diesel vehicles. Environmental concerns and regulatory mandates are instigating a transition in the market towards vehicles that are healthier and more efficient.
• Increasing adoption of SCR systems in commercial vehicles (e.g., buses and lorries) to comply with Euro VI and other emission standards is a significant factor in this development. To comply with these regulations, vehicles are obligated to substantially mitigate nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. SCR technology can efficiently accomplish this objective.
• An additional element that contributes to the expansion of the market for auto SCR systems is the increasing need for vehicles that conserve petroleum. SCR systems enable engine optimization for reduced emissions, thereby enhancing fuel efficiency. This is especially advantageous for heavy-duty vehicles that utilize substantial quantities of fuel.
• Further developments in SCR technology, including the creation of SCR catalysts that are more compact and efficient, are increasing the appeal of these systems to the automotive industry. Diesel particulate filters (DPF) and other emission control technologies are being integrated into SCR systems to further improve their performance and efficacy.

Going Green, Auto SCR Systems' Role in Sustainable Automotive Solutions

• The global market for Auto SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) systems is expanding rapidly due to several factors. A significant opportunity presents itself in the growing emphasis on mitigating vehicle emissions and adhering to rigorous environmental regulations. Particularly targeting nitrogen oxides (NOx), a significant contributor to air pollution and respiratory diseases, governments worldwide are enforcing more stringent emission regulations.
• The increasing implementation of cleaner technologies within the automotive industry presents an additional opportunity. By converting NOx emissions into nitrogen and water vapor, SCR systems in automobiles effectively reduce NOx emissions, allowing vehicles to conform with emission standards. As nations endeavor to mitigate their carbon emissions and advocate for sustainable methodologies, it is anticipated that the demand for Auto SCR systems will increase.
• Furthermore, the growth of the commercial vehicle industry offers substantial prospects for manufacturers of auto SCR systems. Commercial vehicles, including buses and trucks, significantly contribute to NOx emissions as a result of their elevated petroleum consumption. The proliferation of commercial vehicles, particularly in developing nations, is anticipated to stimulate a greater acceptance and implementation of Auto SCR systems.

Auto SCR System Market Segment Analysis:

Auto SCR System Market Segmented based on Vehicle type, Component, Fuel type.

By Type, Passenger car segment is expected to dominate the market during the forecast period

• By vehicle type, the market for Auto SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) systems is segmented, with passenger cars and commercial vehicles receiving the most attention. Automobiles that are fitted with Auto SCR systems can meet rigorous environmental standards due to the decreased emissions they produce. An increasing consciousness regarding environmental concerns and the imperative for more sustainable modes of conveyance propel this sector.
• However, commercial vehicles, such as buses and lorries, present an enormous opportunity for manufacturers of Auto SCR systems. These automobiles produce significant quantities of nitrogen oxides (NOx) as a result of their elevated fuel usage. The implementation of more stringent emission regulations by governments across the globe is anticipated to increase the demand for Auto SCR systems in commercial vehicles.

By Component, the segment held the largest share in 2023

• Several essential elements compose the Auto SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) system: a pump, urea tank, injector, and electronic control unit (ECU).
• The urea solution (commonly referred to as AdBlue or DEF) is transported from the canister to the injector via the pump. The solution is stored in the urea tank until it is required for exhaust system injection.
• The urea solution is introduced into the exhaust stream via the injector, where it undergoes a chemical reaction with nitrogen oxides (NOx), resulting in the innocuous conversion of NOx to water vapor.
• Monitoring engine and exhaust system conditions to optimize urea solution injection for effective NOx reduction is a critical function of the ECU. It guarantees the timely injection of the appropriate quantity of urea by emission regulations.
• The Auto SCR system is an effective solution for minimizing NOx emissions from vehicles, allowing them to comply with stringent emission regulations, due to the collaboration of these components.

Auto SCR System Market Regional Insights:

Asia Pacific is Expected to Dominate the Market Over the Forecast period

• Auto Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems are experiencing substantial expansion in the Asia-Pacific region, primarily due to the implementation of rigorous emission regulations in nations such as China and India. As a result of these regulations, which are designed to reduce the emission of hazardous pollutants from vehicles, SCR systems have become more prevalent in the region.
• As one of the world's greatest automotive markets, China is a significant contributor to this expansion. Implemented in segments beginning in 2018, the National VI emission standard mandates the use of SCR systems in diesel vehicles to regulate nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. This has resulted in the emergence of a significant market for SCR systems in China, which is actively contested by both domestic and international manufacturers.
• India's status as a significant market for Auto SCR systems is predominantly attributable to the country's adoption of the Euro VI-aligned Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) emission standards. To meet stringent emission standards, India, like China, has mandated the use of SCR technology in diesel vehicles; this has increased the demand for SCR systems in India.
• Additional nations within the Asia Pacific area, including South Korea, Japan, and ASEAN countries, are concurrently experiencing a gradual increase in the implementation of SCR systems. The growing recognition of environmental concerns and the imperative for more fuel-efficient automobiles are anticipated to contribute to the expansion of SCR system demand in these markets.

Active Key Players in the Auto SCR System Market.

• Eberspacher Group (Germany)
• Toyota Motor Corporation (Japan)
• Röchling-Group (Germany)
• Faurecia SA (France)
• Sango Industrial (Japan)
• Futaba Industrial (Japan)
• Tenneco (United States)
• Amminex Emissions Technology (Denmark)
• SDC Materials (United States)
• Magneti Marelli S.p.A. (Italy), and Others Major Players.

1. INTRODUCTION
   1. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
   2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
   3. RESEARCH PROCESS
   4. SCOPE AND COVERAGE
      1. Market Definition
      2. Key Questions Answered
   5. MARKET SEGMENTATION
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3. MARKET OVERVIEW
4. GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES BY SEGMENT
5. MARKET LANDSCAPE
   1. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
      1. Bargaining Power Of Supplier
      2. Threat Of New Entrants
      3. Threat Of Substitutes
      4. Competitive Rivalry
      5. Bargaining Power Among Buyers
   2. INDUSTRY VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
   3. MARKET DYNAMICS
      1. Drivers
      2. Restraints
      3. Opportunities
      4. Challenges
   4. MARKET TREND ANALYSIS
   5. REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
   6. PESTLE ANALYSIS
   7. PRICE TREND ANALYSIS
   8. PATENT ANALYSIS
   9. TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
   10. MARKET IMPACT OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR
       1. Geopolitical Market Disruptions
       2. Supply Chain Disruptions
       3. Instability in Emerging Markets
   11. ECOSYSTEM
6. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET BY VEHICLE TYPE (2017-2032)
   1. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET SNAPSHOT AND GROWTH ENGINE
   2. MARKET OVERVIEW
   3. PASSENGER CARS
      1. Introduction And Market Overview
      2. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Value (2017 – 2032F)
      3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Volume (2017 – 2032F)
      4. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
      5. Geographic Segmentation Analysis
   4. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
7. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET BY COMPONENT (2017-2032)
   1. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET SNAPSHOT AND GROWTH ENGINE
   2. MARKET OVERVIEW
   3. PUMP
      1. Introduction And Market Overview
      2. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Value (2017 – 2032F)
      3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Volume (2017 – 2032F)
      4. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
      5. Geographic Segmentation Analysis
   4. UREA TANK
   5. INJECTOR
   6. ECU
8. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET BY FUEL TYPE (2017-2032)
   1. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET SNAPSHOT AND GROWTH ENGINE
   2. MARKET OVERVIEW
   3. DIESEL
      1. Introduction And Market Overview
      2. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Value (2017 – 2032F)
      3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size in Volume (2017 – 2032F)
      4. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
      5. Geographic Segmentation Analysis
   4. GASOLINE
9. COMPANY PROFILES AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
   1. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
      1. Competitive Positioning
      2. Auto SCR System Market Share By Manufacturer (2023)
      3. Industry BCG Matrix
      4. Heat Map Analysis
      5. Mergers & Acquisitions
   2. EBERSPACHER GROUP (GERMANY)
      1. Company Overview
      2. Key Executives
      3. Company Snapshot
      4. Role of the Company in the Market
      5. Sustainability and Social Responsibility
      6. Operating Business Segments
      7. Product Portfolio
      8. Business Performance (Production Volume, Sales Volume, Sales Margin, Production Capacity, Capacity Utilization Rate)
      9. Key Strategic Moves And Recent Developments
      10. SWOT Analysis
   3. TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION (JAPAN)
   4. RÖCHLING-GROUP (GERMANY)
   5. FAURECIA SA (FRANCE)
   6. SANGO INDUSTRIAL (JAPAN)
   7. FUTABA INDUSTRIAL (JAPAN)
   8. TENNECO (UNITED STATES)
   9. AMMINEX EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY (DENMARK)
   10. SDC MATERIALS (UNITED STATES)
   11. MAGNETI MARELLI S.P.A. (ITALY)
10. GLOBAL AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET BY REGION
    1. OVERVIEW
    2. NORTH AMERICA
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Vehicle Type
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Component
       5. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Fuel Type
       6. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. USA
          2. Canada
          3. Mexico
    3. EASTERN EUROPE
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Segments
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. Russia
          2. Bulgaria
          3. The Czech Republic
          4. Hungary
          5. Poland
          6. Romania
          7. Rest Of Eastern Europe
    4. WESTERN EUROPE
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Segments
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. Germany
          2. United Kingdom
          3. France
          4. The Netherlands
          5. Italy
          6. Spain
          7. Rest Of Western Europe
    5. ASIA PACIFIC
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Segments
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. China
          2. India
          3. Japan
          4. South Korea
          5. Malaysia
          6. Thailand
          7. Vietnam
          8. The Philippines
          9. Australia
          10. New-Zealand
          11. Rest Of APAC
    6. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Segments
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. Turkey
          2. Bahrain
          3. Kuwait
          4. Saudi Arabia
          5. Qatar
          6. UAE
          7. Israel
          8. South Africa
    7. SOUTH AMERICA
       1. Key Market Trends, Growth Factors And Opportunities
       2. Key Manufacturers
       3. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Segments
       4. Historic And Forecasted Market Size By Country
          1. Brazil
          2. Argentina
          3. Rest of South America
11. INVESTMENT ANALYSIS
12. ANALYST VIEWPOINT AND CONCLUSION
    1. Recommendations and Concluding Analysis
    2. Potential Market Strategies

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 001. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TABLE 002. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
TABLE 003. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET BARGAINING POWER OF CUSTOMERS
TABLE 004. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
TABLE 005. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
TABLE 006. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
TABLE 007. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET BY TYPE
TABLE 008. PASSENGER CARS MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 009. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 010. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET BY COMPONENT
TABLE 011. PUMP MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 012. UREA TANK MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 013. INJECTOR MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 014. ECU MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 015. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET BY FUEL TYPE
TABLE 016. DIESEL MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 017. GASOLINE MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
TABLE 018. NORTH AMERICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 019. NORTH AMERICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY COMPONENT (2016-2028)
TABLE 020. NORTH AMERICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY FUEL TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 021. N AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
TABLE 022. EUROPE AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 023. EUROPE AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY COMPONENT (2016-2028)
TABLE 024. EUROPE AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY FUEL TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 025. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
TABLE 026. ASIA PACIFIC AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 027. ASIA PACIFIC AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY COMPONENT (2016-2028)
TABLE 028. ASIA PACIFIC AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY FUEL TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 029. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
TABLE 030. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 031. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY COMPONENT (2016-2028)
TABLE 032. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY FUEL TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 033. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
TABLE 034. SOUTH AMERICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 035. SOUTH AMERICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY COMPONENT (2016-2028)
TABLE 036. SOUTH AMERICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY FUEL TYPE (2016-2028)
TABLE 037. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET, BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
TABLE 038. EBERSPACHER GROUP: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 039. EBERSPACHER GROUP: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 040. EBERSPACHER GROUP: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 041. EBERSPACHER GROUP: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 041. TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 042. TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 043. TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 044. TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 044. RÖCHLING-GROUP: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 045. RÖCHLING-GROUP: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 046. RÖCHLING-GROUP: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 047. RÖCHLING-GROUP: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 047. FAURECIA SA: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 048. FAURECIA SA: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 049. FAURECIA SA: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 050. FAURECIA SA: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 050. SANGO INDUSTRIAL: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 051. SANGO INDUSTRIAL: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 052. SANGO INDUSTRIAL: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 053. SANGO INDUSTRIAL: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 053. FUTABA INDUSTRIAL: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 054. FUTABA INDUSTRIAL: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 055. FUTABA INDUSTRIAL: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 056. FUTABA INDUSTRIAL: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 056. TENNECO: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 057. TENNECO: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 058. TENNECO: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 059. TENNECO: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 059. AMMINEX EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 060. AMMINEX EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 061. AMMINEX EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 062. AMMINEX EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 062. SDC MATERIALS: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 063. SDC MATERIALS: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 064. SDC MATERIALS: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 065. SDC MATERIALS: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 065. MAGNETI MARELLI S.P: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 066. MAGNETI MARELLI S.P: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 067. MAGNETI MARELLI S.P: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 068. MAGNETI MARELLI S.P: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE 068. OTHER MAJOR PLAYERS: SNAPSHOT
TABLE 069. OTHER MAJOR PLAYERS: BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
TABLE 070. OTHER MAJOR PLAYERS: PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
TABLE 071. OTHER MAJOR PLAYERS: KEY STRATEGIC MOVES AND DEVELOPMENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 001. YEARS CONSIDERED FOR ANALYSIS
FIGURE 002. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
FIGURE 003. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET OVERVIEW BY REGIONS
FIGURE 004. PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
FIGURE 005. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
FIGURE 006. COMPETITIVE RIVALRYFIGURE 007. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
FIGURE 008. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
FIGURE 009. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
FIGURE 010. PESTLE ANALYSIS
FIGURE 011. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET OVERVIEW BY TYPE
FIGURE 012. PASSENGER CARS MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 013. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 014. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET OVERVIEW BY COMPONENT
FIGURE 015. PUMP MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 016. UREA TANK MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 017. INJECTOR MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 018. ECU MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 019. AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET OVERVIEW BY FUEL TYPE
FIGURE 020. DIESEL MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 021. GASOLINE MARKET OVERVIEW (2016-2028)
FIGURE 022. NORTH AMERICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
FIGURE 023. EUROPE AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
FIGURE 024. ASIA PACIFIC AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
FIGURE 025. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)
FIGURE 026. SOUTH AMERICA AUTO SCR SYSTEM MARKET OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY (2016-2028)