Plant Tissue Culture Market Synopsis

Plant Tissue Culture Market Size Was Valued at USD  346.23 Million in 2023, and is Projected to Reach USD  790.06 Million by 2032, Growing at a CAGR of 9.60% From 2024-2032.

Plant tissue culture is the cultivation of plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile condition in a nutrient media. There is a common need for generations, breach, and industrial production of clones or similar plants in agricultural fields.

• The Market of Plant Tissue Culture has been gradually developing during the last few years because it opened new opportunities to meet the increasing needs in the production of high quality plants for agricultural, horticultural, and forest industries. In this technique there is fast generation turnaround without diseases, protection of endangered species, and plant breeding for desired characteristics. With increased emphasis on meeting world food requirements, the need for plant tissue culture in agribiotechnology has risen especially in developing nations where hunger for quality crop varieties is high. Tissue culture has some advantages over traditional propagation methods because the environment under which tissue cultures are developed provides little chance for disease transfer. In addition, the approach gives substantial gains in plant breeding techniques since it reproduces plants with the same genes, thus it is possible to clone good plant varieties.
• The Plant Tissue Culture Market is also being sought after by commercial agriculture interest from the biotechnology and horticulture sectors primarily from the plantation of fruits and vegetables to the mass production of foliage plants. Plant tissue culture technique has shifted from experimentation to becoming an efficient method of multiplying disease free, high quality plants for organic farming as people shift towards sustainable farming. Companies dealing with tissue culture and research institutions are continuing to invest on the technology enhancing their research on new and improved method of tissue culture. They have endeavoured to make these plants cheap and available in the tissue culture within reach of small horticultural business in world. Therefore, it becomes clear that this market has great potential for development in those countries and territories where climate change poses serious risks to traditional agriculture.

Plant Tissue Culture Market Trend Analysis

Growing Use of Bioreactors in Large-Scale Production

• Bio-Reactors is an innovative approach in large scale plant tissue culture production that is being witnessed in the markets. Bioreactors help to grow plant cells and tissues independently, and the process is automated, so numerous plant materials can be grown at one time. The application of this technology greatly improves plant tissue culture effectiveness and address potential issues of large-scale production relevant to such fields as pharmaceutics and cosmetics.
• The use of bioreactors is useful in overcoming of some of the drawbacks associated with the conventional in-vitro methods which can be slow and require immense labor. They are an improved method of plant propagation because they support an endless production of plant cells or secondary metabolites in aseptic environment. It is also being used in the growth of quality, high value crops, especially for medical research whereby the availability of high quality plants is certainly paramount. It is expected that because of the improvements in automation and bioprocessing, the bioreactors will continue to be an important tool in the plant tissue culture techniques of the future.

Expansion into Emerging Markets

• The biggest opportunity in the Plant Tissue Culture Market is with the increased growth in the areas of Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Africa. These are the areas which are growing fastest in agriculture due to this population, food needs, and changes in agricultural science. The application of plant tissue culture technology as an instrument for increasing food security while improving yield in countries within developing regions of the world is especially significant.
• Globalization also presents opportunities for ornamental plant production because the developing countries have the opportunities to supply new production with increasing urbanization which requires landscaping and indoor plants. This way using plant tissue culture, local producers can be helped to meet the steep rising need for disease free plant varieties in a more efficient way. Moreover, collaboration with local governments and agricultural institutions could increase the adoption levels within the agriculture value chain further and create sustainable market growth.

Plant Tissue Culture Market Segment Analysis:

Plant Tissue Culture Market Segmented based on  Stage ,Plant, Crop Type, and End User.

By Stage, Multiplication segment is expected to dominate the market during the forecast period

• The Plant Tissue Culture Market can be categorized depending on the stages which include explant preparation and inoculation, multiplication, and hardening. At the stage of explant preparation and Inoculation, explants consist of plant tissues are isolated and placed in aseptic conditions. This is important as tissue culture relies of the right selection of explants and the subsequent planting of explants on a nutrient medium. This stage is gradually being improved to support efficient screening of desirable traits brought by genetic engineering in plants.
• Finally, in the multiplication stage, the developed cultured explants are subjected to several-step processes to enhance the number of plantlets. This stage is very important for large scale production specifically in agriculture where there is need to produce may be large number of uniform plants. The final hardening stage therefore aims at toughening the plantlets with respect to outside environmental factors that need to be accrued in order to survive when transplanted into soil or other media. These stages are crucial to the general success of tissue culture based propagation.

By Plant, Biennial segment held the largest share in 2023

• Plant tissue culture can be projected on all kinds of plants which are classified under annuals, biennials, and perennials. Tissue culture used for rapid production and early market release of annual plants which takes one growing seasons to complete their life cycle. Tissue culture methods are very useful where high turnover rates and disease resistance are needed most especially in the production of vegetables and flowers.
• A considerable advantage in tissue culture is that it applies to biennial and perennial plants, which require even more time to complete their life cycle. These plants are commonly applied in horticulture, and the forestry, where constant germination and resistance to diseases, in several cycles of production, is valued. This process of tissue culture makes it possible for the nurseries and other agricultural businesses to be able to satisfy market demand at anytime due to its accessibility.

Plant Tissue Culture Market Regional Insights:

Asia Pacific is Expected to Dominate the Market Over the Forecast period

• Due to its extensive agricultural production and increasing investment in biotechnology, the Asia-Pacific region occupies a significant share of the Plant Tissue Culture Market. Region wise Asian countries such as India, china and Japan are leading the tissue culture techniques more especially for crops and ornamental plants. The growth is prevalent in Asia-Pacific where the diverse agricultural production is and the need for quality, yield crops.
• The increased awareness of the need to feed the ever-growing population besides accelerated through urbanization has made plant tissue culture common in the region. Other developments as sponsored by agencies of the government that push for the use of biotechnological innovation in agriculture also foster the market. Given the improvement of climate and the access to professional labor force, Asia-Pacific remained as the market leader of Plant Tissue Culture Market in the future.

Active Key Players in the Plant Tissue Culture Market:

• Thermo Fisher Scientific (US)
• Merck KGaA (Germany)
• Sartorius AG (Germany)
• Lonza Group (Switzerland)
• HiMedia Laboratories (India)
• Greiner Bio-One International GmbH (Austria)
• Caisson Laboratories (US)
• Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC (US)
• PhytoTechnology Laboratories (US)
• MP Biomedicals (US)
• PlantMedia (US)
• AgriForest Bio-Technologies (Canada)
• Conviron (Canada)
• Danaher Corporation (US)
• IBI Scientific (US)
• Others Key Player

Key Industry Developments in the Plant Tissue Culture Market:

• In July 2023, Merck, an multinational pharmaceutical company, announced the expansion of its facility in Lenexa, Kansas, U.S., adding 9,100 sq m2 of laboratory space and production capacity for manufacturing of cell culture media. According to Darren Verlenden, Head of Process Solutions Life Science at Merck, this expansion underscores its commitment to meeting global customer needs and growth plans.
• In January 2023, NuPlant, a biotechnology company, introduced SmartClone, an advanced plant tissue culture system enhancing breeding programs for multiple species. Using precision robotics, SmartClone produces robust clones from parent materials under customizable growth conditions, ensuring stronger, more uniform plantlets. This innovation aims to reduce labor and costs per plant significantly, catering to diverse applications in plant biotechnology.

Chapter 1: Introduction
 1.1 Scope and Coverage

Chapter 2:Executive Summary

Chapter 3: Market Landscape
 3.1 Market Dynamics
  3.1.1 Drivers
  3.1.2 Restraints
  3.1.3 Opportunities
  3.1.4 Challenges
 3.2 Market Trend Analysis
 3.3 PESTLE Analysis
 3.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
 3.5 Industry Value Chain Analysis
 3.6 Ecosystem
 3.7 Regulatory Landscape
 3.8 Price Trend Analysis
 3.9 Patent Analysis
 3.10 Technology Evolution
 3.11 Investment Pockets
 3.12 Import-Export Analysis

Chapter 4: Plant Tissue Culture Market by Stag
 4.1 Plant Tissue Culture Market Snapshot and Growth Engine
 4.2 Plant Tissue Culture Market Overview
 4.3 Explant preparation & Inoculation
  4.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  4.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  4.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  4.3.4 Explant preparation & Inoculation: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 4.4 Multiplication
  4.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  4.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  4.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  4.4.4 Multiplication: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 4.5 Hardening
  4.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  4.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  4.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  4.5.4 Hardening: Geographic Segmentation Analysis

Chapter 5: Plant Tissue Culture Market by By Plant
 5.1 Plant Tissue Culture Market Snapshot and Growth Engine
 5.2 Plant Tissue Culture Market Overview
 5.3 Annual
  5.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.3.4 Annual: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 5.4 Biennial
  5.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.4.4 Biennial: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 5.5 Perennial
  5.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  5.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.5.4 Perennial: Geographic Segmentation Analysis

Chapter 6: Plant Tissue Culture Market by Crop Type
 6.1 Plant Tissue Culture Market Snapshot and Growth Engine
 6.2 Plant Tissue Culture Market Overview
 6.3 Banana
  6.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.3.4 Banana: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.4 Floriculture
  6.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.4.4 Floriculture: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.5 Wood Producing
  6.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.5.4 Wood Producing: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.6 Fruit
  6.6.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.6.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.6.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.6.4 Fruit: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.7 Vegetable
  6.7.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.7.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.7.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.7.4 Vegetable: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.8 Ornamental
  6.8.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.8.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.8.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.8.4 Ornamental: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.9 Aquatic
  6.9.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.9.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.9.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.9.4 Aquatic: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 6.10 Others
  6.10.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.10.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  6.10.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.10.4 Others: Geographic Segmentation Analysis

Chapter 7: Plant Tissue Culture Market by End-Use
 7.1 Plant Tissue Culture Market Snapshot and Growth Engine
 7.2 Plant Tissue Culture Market Overview
 7.3 Agriculture
  7.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  7.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  7.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  7.3.4 Agriculture: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 7.4 Research
  7.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  7.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  7.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  7.4.4 Research: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 7.5 Gardening & Decoration
  7.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  7.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  7.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  7.5.4 Gardening & Decoration: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 7.6 Forestry & Botanical Garden
  7.6.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  7.6.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  7.6.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  7.6.4 Forestry & Botanical Garden: Geographic Segmentation Analysis
 7.7 Others
  7.7.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  7.7.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size in Value USD and Volume Units (2017-2032F)
  7.7.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  7.7.4 Others: Geographic Segmentation Analysis

Chapter 8: Company Profiles and Competitive Analysis
 8.1 Competitive Landscape
  8.1.1 Competitive Benchmarking
  8.1.2 Plant Tissue Culture Market Share by Manufacturer (2023)
  8.1.3 Industry BCG Matrix
  8.1.4 Heat Map Analysis
  8.1.5 Mergers and Acquisitions
  
 8.2 THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC
  8.2.1 Company Overview
  8.2.2 Key Executives
  8.2.3 Company Snapshot
  8.2.4 Role of the Company in the Market
  8.2.5 Sustainability and Social Responsibility
  8.2.6 Operating Business Segments
  8.2.7 Product Portfolio
  8.2.8 Business Performance
  8.2.9 Key Strategic Moves and Recent Developments
  8.2.10 SWOT Analysis
 8.3 MERCK KGAA
 8.4 SARTORIUS AG
 8.5 LONZA GROUP
 8.6 HIMEDIA LABORATORIES
 8.7 GREINER BIO-ONE INTERNATIONAL GMBH
 8.8 CAISSON LABORATORIES
 8.9 SIGMA-ALDRICH CO
 8.10 PHYTOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES
 8.11 MP BIOMEDICALS
 8.12 PLANTMEDIA
 8.13 AGRIFOREST BIO-TECHNOLOGIES
 8.14 CONVIRON
 8.15 DANAHER CORPORATION
 8.16 IBI SCIENTIFIC
 8.17 OTHERS KEY PLAYER

Chapter 9: Global Plant Tissue Culture Market By Region
 9.1 Overview
 9.2. North America Plant Tissue Culture Market
  9.2.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  9.2.2 Top Key Companies
  9.2.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  9.2.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Stag
  9.2.4.1 Explant preparation & Inoculation
  9.2.4.2 Multiplication
  9.2.4.3 Hardening
  9.2.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By By Plant
  9.2.5.1 Annual
  9.2.5.2 Biennial
  9.2.5.3 Perennial
  9.2.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Crop Type
  9.2.6.1 Banana
  9.2.6.2 Floriculture
  9.2.6.3 Wood Producing
  9.2.6.4 Fruit
  9.2.6.5 Vegetable
  9.2.6.6 Ornamental
  9.2.6.7 Aquatic
  9.2.6.8 Others
  9.2.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Use
  9.2.7.1 Agriculture
  9.2.7.2 Research
  9.2.7.3 Gardening & Decoration
  9.2.7.4 Forestry & Botanical Garden
  9.2.7.5 Others
  9.2.8 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  9.2.8.1 US
  9.2.8.2 Canada
  9.2.8.3 Mexico
 9.3. Eastern Europe Plant Tissue Culture Market
  9.3.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  9.3.2 Top Key Companies
  9.3.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  9.3.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Stag
  9.3.4.1 Explant preparation & Inoculation
  9.3.4.2 Multiplication
  9.3.4.3 Hardening
  9.3.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By By Plant
  9.3.5.1 Annual
  9.3.5.2 Biennial
  9.3.5.3 Perennial
  9.3.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Crop Type
  9.3.6.1 Banana
  9.3.6.2 Floriculture
  9.3.6.3 Wood Producing
  9.3.6.4 Fruit
  9.3.6.5 Vegetable
  9.3.6.6 Ornamental
  9.3.6.7 Aquatic
  9.3.6.8 Others
  9.3.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Use
  9.3.7.1 Agriculture
  9.3.7.2 Research
  9.3.7.3 Gardening & Decoration
  9.3.7.4 Forestry & Botanical Garden
  9.3.7.5 Others
  9.3.8 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  9.3.8.1 Bulgaria
  9.3.8.2 The Czech Republic
  9.3.8.3 Hungary
  9.3.8.4 Poland
  9.3.8.5 Romania
  9.3.8.6 Rest of Eastern Europe
 9.4. Western Europe Plant Tissue Culture Market
  9.4.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  9.4.2 Top Key Companies
  9.4.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  9.4.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Stag
  9.4.4.1 Explant preparation & Inoculation
  9.4.4.2 Multiplication
  9.4.4.3 Hardening
  9.4.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By By Plant
  9.4.5.1 Annual
  9.4.5.2 Biennial
  9.4.5.3 Perennial
  9.4.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Crop Type
  9.4.6.1 Banana
  9.4.6.2 Floriculture
  9.4.6.3 Wood Producing
  9.4.6.4 Fruit
  9.4.6.5 Vegetable
  9.4.6.6 Ornamental
  9.4.6.7 Aquatic
  9.4.6.8 Others
  9.4.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Use
  9.4.7.1 Agriculture
  9.4.7.2 Research
  9.4.7.3 Gardening & Decoration
  9.4.7.4 Forestry & Botanical Garden
  9.4.7.5 Others
  9.4.8 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  9.4.8.1 Germany
  9.4.8.2 UK
  9.4.8.3 France
  9.4.8.4 Netherlands
  9.4.8.5 Italy
  9.4.8.6 Russia
  9.4.8.7 Spain
  9.4.8.8 Rest of Western Europe
 9.5. Asia Pacific Plant Tissue Culture Market
  9.5.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  9.5.2 Top Key Companies
  9.5.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  9.5.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Stag
  9.5.4.1 Explant preparation & Inoculation
  9.5.4.2 Multiplication
  9.5.4.3 Hardening
  9.5.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By By Plant
  9.5.5.1 Annual
  9.5.5.2 Biennial
  9.5.5.3 Perennial
  9.5.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Crop Type
  9.5.6.1 Banana
  9.5.6.2 Floriculture
  9.5.6.3 Wood Producing
  9.5.6.4 Fruit
  9.5.6.5 Vegetable
  9.5.6.6 Ornamental
  9.5.6.7 Aquatic
  9.5.6.8 Others
  9.5.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Use
  9.5.7.1 Agriculture
  9.5.7.2 Research
  9.5.7.3 Gardening & Decoration
  9.5.7.4 Forestry & Botanical Garden
  9.5.7.5 Others
  9.5.8 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  9.5.8.1 China
  9.5.8.2 India
  9.5.8.3 Japan
  9.5.8.4 South Korea
  9.5.8.5 Malaysia
  9.5.8.6 Thailand
  9.5.8.7 Vietnam
  9.5.8.8 The Philippines
  9.5.8.9 Australia
  9.5.8.10 New Zealand
  9.5.8.11 Rest of APAC
 9.6. Middle East & Africa Plant Tissue Culture Market
  9.6.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  9.6.2 Top Key Companies
  9.6.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  9.6.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Stag
  9.6.4.1 Explant preparation & Inoculation
  9.6.4.2 Multiplication
  9.6.4.3 Hardening
  9.6.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By By Plant
  9.6.5.1 Annual
  9.6.5.2 Biennial
  9.6.5.3 Perennial
  9.6.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Crop Type
  9.6.6.1 Banana
  9.6.6.2 Floriculture
  9.6.6.3 Wood Producing
  9.6.6.4 Fruit
  9.6.6.5 Vegetable
  9.6.6.6 Ornamental
  9.6.6.7 Aquatic
  9.6.6.8 Others
  9.6.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Use
  9.6.7.1 Agriculture
  9.6.7.2 Research
  9.6.7.3 Gardening & Decoration
  9.6.7.4 Forestry & Botanical Garden
  9.6.7.5 Others
  9.6.8 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  9.6.8.1 Turkey
  9.6.8.2 Bahrain
  9.6.8.3 Kuwait
  9.6.8.4 Saudi Arabia
  9.6.8.5 Qatar
  9.6.8.6 UAE
  9.6.8.7 Israel
  9.6.8.8 South Africa
 9.7. South America Plant Tissue Culture Market
  9.7.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  9.7.2 Top Key Companies
  9.7.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size by Segments
  9.7.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Stag
  9.7.4.1 Explant preparation & Inoculation
  9.7.4.2 Multiplication
  9.7.4.3 Hardening
  9.7.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By By Plant
  9.7.5.1 Annual
  9.7.5.2 Biennial
  9.7.5.3 Perennial
  9.7.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Crop Type
  9.7.6.1 Banana
  9.7.6.2 Floriculture
  9.7.6.3 Wood Producing
  9.7.6.4 Fruit
  9.7.6.5 Vegetable
  9.7.6.6 Ornamental
  9.7.6.7 Aquatic
  9.7.6.8 Others
  9.7.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End-Use
  9.7.7.1 Agriculture
  9.7.7.2 Research
  9.7.7.3 Gardening & Decoration
  9.7.7.4 Forestry & Botanical Garden
  9.7.7.5 Others
  9.7.8 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  9.7.8.1 Brazil
  9.7.8.2 Argentina
  9.7.8.3 Rest of SA

Chapter 10 Analyst Viewpoint and Conclusion
10.1 Recommendations and Concluding Analysis
10.2 Potential Market Strategies

Chapter 11 Research Methodology
11.1 Research Process
11.2 Primary Research
11.3 Secondary Research