Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Synopsis

The Global Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market size was reasonably estimated to be approximately USD 1.50 Billion in 2023 and is poised to generate revenue over USD 4.93 Billion by the end of 2032, projecting a CAGR of around 14.1% from 2024 to 2032.

Continuous Manufacturing is also known as continuous flow chemistry. Continuous manufacturing is an advanced manufacturing approach with the potential to increase the consistency and quality of pharmaceuticals while lowering their cost. The manufacturing processes on this production line are fully integrated and run in a continuous flow.

• Pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing is an end-to-end method of producing medications that improve the consistency and quality of a variety of innovative pharmaceuticals and vaccines while requiring little capital outlay. It operates in a continuous flow as opposed to batch processing, is simpler to scale, gives producers more control and a higher level of automation, and forgoes manual interaction.
• Effective medicines are produced in small, closed units using continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing technology using automation. Therefore, it requires less manual intervention. A continuous process combines production steps that are usually performed as a batch process. All this contributes to the continuous utilization of industrial capacity. Fluctuations in production are reduced, yields are improved, and operating and equipment costs are reduced. Because of these advantages, the approach is steadily gaining popularity.
• Pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing also helps to reduce the time it takes to formulate medicines, the danger of human mistakes, monitor production processes, and enhance product quality to comply with regulatory standards. In order to create active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and medicines, pharmaceutical corporations and contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) frequently use this technology. Integrated, semi-continuous, and control types are the ones that are now offered.

The Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Trend Analysis

The Technological Advancement in Continuous Manufacturing System

• Significant technological advancements such as rapid automation in drug manufacturing methodology and extensive integration of artificial intelligence solutions are contributing to the growth of the market. Other factors such as significant advances in the pharmaceutical sector, ongoing recent development activities and awareness of the availability of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs drive the market growth.
• One of the major factors driving the continuous drug production market is the growing demand for efficient drug production systems that can produce a variety of potent biologics at lower costs. The reason for this is the ever-increasing shortage of medicines and the prevalence of several chronic diseases in various parts of the world.  In addition, growing health concerns, especially during the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, have encouraged pharmaceutical companies to use continuous production methods to produce new vaccines, acting as another growth engine.

Increasing Investments in Process Automation in Pharmaceutical Sectors

• As the demand for new drugs increases, manufacturers are changing their production methods to increase productivity. Continuous production has several advantages, including greater efficiency, and productivity made possible by the linking of unit operations. Improved product quality and safety enabled by continuous automated process monitoring. It helps reduce environmental impact by reducing waste due to high reaction efficiency and space-saving due to the compact size of the kits.
• All these factors support the adoption of automated production systems in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, many leading pharmaceutical manufacturers are expanding their API business in developing countries, which will further support market expansion during the forecast period. Many pharmaceutical companies are investing in this sector creating a growth opportunity for market expansion. For instance, Thermo Fisher will invest USD 82.5 million to increase production capacity at its biological drug substance manufacturing facility in St. Louis. The investment will increase the company's entire manufacturing capacity two-fold, serving both short- and long-term COVID-19 requirements.
• pharmaceutical manufacturing systems reduce production variability, improve yields, and lower operational and equipment costs, which are expected to create profitable opportunities for market expansion. For instance, in 2019, Caperion launched the next generation of high-precision vibrating feeder technology with higher precision and faster product changeover.

Segmentation Analysis of The Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market

Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing market segments cover the Product Type, Formulation, Application, Distribution Channels, and End User. By Formulation, the Solid Formulation segment is anticipated to dominate the Market Over the Forecast period.

• Solid formulations dominated during the forecast period. As of November 2018, five fixed-dose drugs have received FDA approval and are in continuous production. This led to the dominance of this segment. In addition, companies such as Merck, GEA Group, and Pfizer are developing new products such as Pfizer's Portable Continuous Miniaturized and Modular System (PCMM), which is expected to increase the use of this manufacturing process in fixed-dose manufacturing.
• In addition, as many oral solid dosage products are now off-patent and new oral solid dosage forms are manufactured in smaller quantities, the pharmaceutical industry increasingly requires continuous manufacturing processes for manufacturing solid dosage products. The adoption of continuous manufacturing processes for liquid dosage forms is slow compared to solid dosage forms. Due to the growth of continuous production processes for solid dosage forms, manufacturers and companies offering products in this segment are receptive to the development of production methods for their liquid dosage forms.

Regional Analysis of The Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market

North America is Expected to Dominate the Market Over the Forecast Period.

• Due to the presence of major market players and the availability of advanced technology North America is excepted to dominate the market. In addition, favorable regulatory infrastructure and high demand for medicines are anticipated to drive market growth in the region. Additionally, high R&D investments by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in the region are anticipated to boost market growth in the region. For instance, in June 2022, National Resilience Inc. raised $625 million in Series D funding, which would be used in part for the continuous production of biological substances.
• Also, strategies of players in emerging markets such as collaboration to gain more market share are expected to boost the market growth in this region. For instance, Agilent partnered with APC Ltd to combine their technologies to provide customers with unique workflows that support automated process analysis using liquid chromatography. Moreover, increasing support from government organizations is expected to stimulate the growth of the market under study in this region.
• The largest share of the regional market was accounted for by growing end users who have implemented or plan to implement CM technology in their facilities in North American countries. In addition, regulators play a key role in driving revenue growth in this industry.  

Covid-19 Impact Analysis on Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market

• The coronavirus epidemic has affected the market for continuous production of pharmaceuticals, as the supply of raw materials and active pharmaceutical ingredients has stopped. Consequently, a lack of raw materials and packaging materials or temporary disruptions hinder the growth of the market. In addition, the sectors faced fewer restrictions during the pandemic period due to their importance.
• However, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a positive impact on the growth of the global pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing market. The demand for existing drugs and new active ingredients to aid in the treatment of COVID-19 has increased the demand for continuous drug production. In addition, governments around the world require an increase in the production process of drugs during the pandemic, which again supported the growth of the market. Many drug manufacturers were completely shut down during the pandemic.

Top Key Players Covered in The Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market

• Hosokawa Micron Group (US)
• Robert Bosch GmbH (Germany)
• Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (US)
• GEA Group (Germany)
• Coperion GmbH (Netherlands)
• Baker Perkins (UK)
• Scott Equipment (US)
• Eli Lilly (US)
• Chemtrix (Netherland)
• Novartis AG (Switzerland)
• Siemens (Germany)
• Glatt GmbH (Germany), and Other Major Players

Key Industry Developments in the Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market

• In March 2023, Merck acquired continuous manufacturing specialist, Pharmaron, for $1.5 billion. This move strengthens Merck's biologics capabilities and expands its continuous manufacturing footprint.
• In June 2023, Lonza acquired Bend Research, a leading continuous manufacturing technology provider, for $400 million. This acquisition bolsters Lonza's CDMO offerings and expands its continuous manufacturing expertise.
• In August 2023, Siemens acquired continuous manufacturing software firm, Xtelligent, for an undisclosed amount. This acquisition allows Siemens to offer integrated solutions for continuous manufacturing processes.
• In July 2023, GSK and Pfizer partnered with MIT to develop a continuous manufacturing platform for next-generation vaccines. This collaboration aims to improve vaccine production speed and efficiency.

Chapter 1: Introduction
 1.1 Research Objectives
 1.2 Research Methodology
 1.3 Research Process
 1.4 Scope and Coverage
  1.4.1 Market Definition
  1.4.2 Key Questions Answered
 1.5 Market Segmentation

Chapter 2:Executive Summary

Chapter 3:Growth Opportunities By Segment
 3.1 By Product Type
 3.2 By Formulation
 3.3 By Application
 3.4 By Distribution Channel
 3.5 By End Users

Chapter 4: Market Landscape
 4.1 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  4.1.1 Bargaining Power of Supplier
  4.1.2 Threat of New Entrants
  4.1.3 Threat of Substitutes
  4.1.4 Competitive Rivalry
  4.1.5 Bargaining Power Among Buyers
 4.2 Industry Value Chain Analysis
 4.3 Market Dynamics
  4.3.1 Drivers
  4.3.2 Restraints
  4.3.3 Opportunities
  4.5.4 Challenges
 4.4 Pestle Analysis
 4.5 Technological Roadmap
 4.6 Regulatory Landscape
 4.7 SWOT Analysis
 4.8 Price Trend Analysis
 4.9 Patent Analysis
 4.10 Analysis of the Impact of Covid-19
  4.10.1 Impact on the Overall Market
  4.10.2 Impact on the Supply Chain
  4.10.3 Impact on the Key Manufacturers
  4.10.4 Impact on the Pricing

Chapter 5: Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market by Product Type
 5.1 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Overview Snapshot and Growth Engine
 5.2 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Overview
 5.3 Integrated Systems
  5.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  5.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.3.4 Integrated Systems: Geographic Segmentation
 5.4 Semi-Continuous Systems
  5.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  5.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.4.4 Semi-Continuous Systems: Geographic Segmentation
 5.5 Controls
  5.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  5.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  5.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  5.5.4 Controls: Geographic Segmentation

Chapter 6: Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market by Formulation
 6.1 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Overview Snapshot and Growth Engine
 6.2 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Overview
 6.3 Solid Formulation
  6.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  6.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.3.4 Solid Formulation: Geographic Segmentation
 6.4 Liquid & Semi-solid Formulation
  6.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  6.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  6.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  6.4.4 Liquid & Semi-solid Formulation: Geographic Segmentation

Chapter 7: Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market by Application
 7.1 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Overview Snapshot and Growth Engine
 7.2 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Overview
 7.3 API manufacturing
  7.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  7.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  7.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  7.3.4 API manufacturing: Geographic Segmentation
 7.4 Final Drug Product Manufacturing
  7.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  7.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  7.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  7.4.4 Final Drug Product Manufacturing: Geographic Segmentation

Chapter 8: Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market by Distribution Channel
 8.1 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Overview Snapshot and Growth Engine
 8.2 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Overview
 8.3 Hospital Pharmacy
  8.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  8.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  8.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.3.4 Hospital Pharmacy: Geographic Segmentation
 8.4 Retail Pharmacy
  8.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  8.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  8.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.4.4 Retail Pharmacy: Geographic Segmentation
 8.5 Online Pharmacy
  8.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  8.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  8.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  8.5.4 Online Pharmacy: Geographic Segmentation

Chapter 9: Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market by End Users
 9.1 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Overview Snapshot and Growth Engine
 9.2 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Overview
 9.3 Research & Development Departments
  9.3.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  9.3.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  9.3.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  9.3.4 Research & Development Departments: Geographic Segmentation
 9.4 Pharmaceutical Companies
  9.4.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  9.4.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  9.4.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  9.4.4 Pharmaceutical Companies: Geographic Segmentation
 9.5 CMO
  9.5.1 Introduction and Market Overview
  9.5.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size (2017-2032F)
  9.5.3 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
  9.5.4 CMO: Geographic Segmentation

Chapter 10: Company Profiles and Competitive Analysis
 10.1 Competitive Landscape
  10.1.1 Competitive Positioning
  10.1.2 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Sales and Market Share By Players
  10.1.3 Industry BCG Matrix
  10.1.4 Heat Map Analysis
  10.1.5 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Industry Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
  10.1.6 Top 5 Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Players Market Share
  10.1.7 Mergers and Acquisitions
  10.1.8 Business Strategies By Top Players
 10.2 HOSOKAWA MICRON GROUP
  10.2.1 Company Overview
  10.2.2 Key Executives
  10.2.3 Company Snapshot
  10.2.4 Operating Business Segments
  10.2.5 Product Portfolio
  10.2.6 Business Performance
  10.2.7 Key Strategic Moves and Recent Developments
  10.2.8 SWOT Analysis
 10.3 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH
 10.4 THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC INC
 10.5 GEA GROUP
 10.6 COPERION GMBH
 10.7 BAKER PERKINS
 10.8 SCOTT EQUIPMENT
 10.9 ELI LILLY
 10.10 CHEMTRIX
 10.11 NOVARTIS AG
 10.12 SIEMENS
 10.13 GLATT GMBH
 10.14 OTHER MAJOR PLAYERS

Chapter 11: Global Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2017-2032
 11.1 Market Overview
 11.2 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product Type
  11.2.1 Integrated Systems
  11.2.2 Semi-Continuous Systems
  11.2.3 Controls
 11.3 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Formulation
  11.3.1 Solid Formulation
  11.3.2 Liquid & Semi-solid Formulation
 11.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Application
  11.4.1 API manufacturing
  11.4.2 Final Drug Product Manufacturing
 11.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Distribution Channel
  11.5.1 Hospital Pharmacy
  11.5.2 Retail Pharmacy
  11.5.3 Online Pharmacy
 11.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End Users
  11.6.1 Research & Development Departments
  11.6.2 Pharmaceutical Companies
  11.6.3 CMO

Chapter 12: North America Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2017-2032
 12.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 12.2 Impact of Covid-19
 12.3 Key Players
 12.4 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 12.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product Type
  12.4.1 Integrated Systems
  12.4.2 Semi-Continuous Systems
  12.4.3 Controls
 12.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Formulation
  12.5.1 Solid Formulation
  12.5.2 Liquid & Semi-solid Formulation
 12.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Application
  12.6.1 API manufacturing
  12.6.2 Final Drug Product Manufacturing
 12.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Distribution Channel
  12.7.1 Hospital Pharmacy
  12.7.2 Retail Pharmacy
  12.7.3 Online Pharmacy
 12.8 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End Users
  12.8.1 Research & Development Departments
  12.8.2 Pharmaceutical Companies
  12.8.3 CMO
 12.9 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  12.9.1 US
  12.9.2 Canada
  12.9.3 Mexico

Chapter 13: Eastern Europe Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2017-2032
 13.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 13.2 Impact of Covid-19
 13.3 Key Players
 13.4 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 13.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product Type
  13.4.1 Integrated Systems
  13.4.2 Semi-Continuous Systems
  13.4.3 Controls
 13.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Formulation
  13.5.1 Solid Formulation
  13.5.2 Liquid & Semi-solid Formulation
 13.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Application
  13.6.1 API manufacturing
  13.6.2 Final Drug Product Manufacturing
 13.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Distribution Channel
  13.7.1 Hospital Pharmacy
  13.7.2 Retail Pharmacy
  13.7.3 Online Pharmacy
 13.8 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End Users
  13.8.1 Research & Development Departments
  13.8.2 Pharmaceutical Companies
  13.8.3 CMO
 13.9 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  13.9.1 Bulgaria
  13.9.2 The Czech Republic
  13.9.3 Hungary
  13.9.4 Poland
  13.9.5 Romania
  13.9.6 Rest of Eastern Europe

Chapter 14: Western Europe Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2017-2032
 14.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 14.2 Impact of Covid-19
 14.3 Key Players
 14.4 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 14.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product Type
  14.4.1 Integrated Systems
  14.4.2 Semi-Continuous Systems
  14.4.3 Controls
 14.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Formulation
  14.5.1 Solid Formulation
  14.5.2 Liquid & Semi-solid Formulation
 14.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Application
  14.6.1 API manufacturing
  14.6.2 Final Drug Product Manufacturing
 14.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Distribution Channel
  14.7.1 Hospital Pharmacy
  14.7.2 Retail Pharmacy
  14.7.3 Online Pharmacy
 14.8 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End Users
  14.8.1 Research & Development Departments
  14.8.2 Pharmaceutical Companies
  14.8.3 CMO
 14.9 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  14.9.1 Germany
  14.9.2 UK
  14.9.3 France
  14.9.4 Netherlands
  14.9.5 Italy
  14.9.6 Russia
  14.9.7 Spain
  14.9.8 Rest of Western Europe

Chapter 15: Asia Pacific Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2017-2032
 15.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 15.2 Impact of Covid-19
 15.3 Key Players
 15.4 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 15.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product Type
  15.4.1 Integrated Systems
  15.4.2 Semi-Continuous Systems
  15.4.3 Controls
 15.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Formulation
  15.5.1 Solid Formulation
  15.5.2 Liquid & Semi-solid Formulation
 15.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Application
  15.6.1 API manufacturing
  15.6.2 Final Drug Product Manufacturing
 15.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Distribution Channel
  15.7.1 Hospital Pharmacy
  15.7.2 Retail Pharmacy
  15.7.3 Online Pharmacy
 15.8 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End Users
  15.8.1 Research & Development Departments
  15.8.2 Pharmaceutical Companies
  15.8.3 CMO
 15.9 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  15.9.1 China
  15.9.2 India
  15.9.3 Japan
  15.9.4 South Korea
  15.9.5 Malaysia
  15.9.6 Thailand
  15.9.7 Vietnam
  15.9.8 The Philippines
  15.9.9 Australia
  15.9.10 New Zealand
  15.9.11 Rest of APAC

Chapter 16: Middle East & Africa Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2017-2032
 16.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 16.2 Impact of Covid-19
 16.3 Key Players
 16.4 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 16.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product Type
  16.4.1 Integrated Systems
  16.4.2 Semi-Continuous Systems
  16.4.3 Controls
 16.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Formulation
  16.5.1 Solid Formulation
  16.5.2 Liquid & Semi-solid Formulation
 16.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Application
  16.6.1 API manufacturing
  16.6.2 Final Drug Product Manufacturing
 16.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Distribution Channel
  16.7.1 Hospital Pharmacy
  16.7.2 Retail Pharmacy
  16.7.3 Online Pharmacy
 16.8 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End Users
  16.8.1 Research & Development Departments
  16.8.2 Pharmaceutical Companies
  16.8.3 CMO
 16.9 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  16.9.1 Turkey
  16.9.2 Bahrain
  16.9.3 Kuwait
  16.9.4 Saudi Arabia
  16.9.5 Qatar
  16.9.6 UAE
  16.9.7 Israel
  16.9.8 South Africa

Chapter 17: South America Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2017-2032
 17.1 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 17.2 Impact of Covid-19
 17.3 Key Players
 17.4 Key Market Trends, Growth Factors and Opportunities
 17.4 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Product Type
  17.4.1 Integrated Systems
  17.4.2 Semi-Continuous Systems
  17.4.3 Controls
 17.5 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Formulation
  17.5.1 Solid Formulation
  17.5.2 Liquid & Semi-solid Formulation
 17.6 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Application
  17.6.1 API manufacturing
  17.6.2 Final Drug Product Manufacturing
 17.7 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By Distribution Channel
  17.7.1 Hospital Pharmacy
  17.7.2 Retail Pharmacy
  17.7.3 Online Pharmacy
 17.8 Historic and Forecasted Market Size By End Users
  17.8.1 Research & Development Departments
  17.8.2 Pharmaceutical Companies
  17.8.3 CMO
 17.9 Historic and Forecast Market Size by Country
  17.9.1 Brazil
  17.9.2 Argentina
  17.9.3 Rest of SA

Chapter 18 Investment Analysis

Chapter 19 Analyst Viewpoint and Conclusion